Intro to Dev (2)

Question 1

What are 2 problems of research with infants?

Answer 1

Motor limitations

Short attention span

Question 2

Main method of observing neural activity in infants?

Answer 2

EEG/ERP

Question 3

Main method of observing behavior in infants?

Answer 3

Preferential looking method

Question 4

What is EEG?

Answer 4

time sensitive measure of changes in activity of cortical areas.

Question 5

What does an EEG measure?

Answer 5

Event Related Potentials

Question 6

What are the 2 types of MRI?

Answer 6

Structural and Functional

Question 7

What does the preference method involve?

Answer 7

1. present infant with 2 stimuli

2. measure the time infant looks at each

Question 8

In preferential looking what does a longer looking time indicate?

Answer 8

Discrimination

Preference

Question 9

In preferential looking what does discrimination mean?

Answer 9

can detect difference between the two stimuli

Question 10

In preferential looking what does preference mean?

Answer 10

one stimulus is more interesting than the other

Question 11

What is the preferential looking method measuring?

Answer 11

infants’ perceptual abilities

Question 12

Strengths of Preference Method?

Answer 12

Simple, easy, versatile

Response bias can be resolved by counterbalancing

Question 13

Weaknesses of the Preference Method?

Answer 13

Lack of explanation behind phenomena

Subjective interpretation of what infant is looking at.

Question 14

What happens in normal MRI?

Answer 14

strong electromagnetic fields and radio waves are applied to different areas of the brain to produce detailed images of brain structures

Question 15

What happens in fMRI?

Answer 15

measures the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal and how it changes in response to hemodynamic response function (HRF)

Question 16

Why does fMRI scans measure BOLD signals?

Answer 16

oxygenated blood will cause a lower magnetic field disturbance, as a result active brain regions have higher signals

Question 17

In MRI scans what are the steps in subtraction logic?

Answer 17

1. baseline task is measured
2. first active task is conducted, manipulate one factor of the baseline task
3. second active task is conducted, manipulate a factor in relation to the first active task

Question 18

In subtraction logic how do you find whether a specific area acts in a task?

Answer 18

you can subtract readings of A from B or B from A

Question 19

In subtraction logic how do you find whether both areas acts in a task?

Answer 19

you can subtract the reading of the baseline task from the reading you get from A/B

Question 20

What does an EEG read?

Answer 20

electrical signals that the neurons make

Question 21

What does an EEG use to measure electrical signals?

Answer 21

electrodes on the scalp

Question 22

What do the results of an EEG represent?

Answer 22

the summed activity of millions of underlying neurons

Question 23

What is a brain oscillation?

Answer 23

repetitive neural activity

Question 24

What is the mirror neuron hypothesis?

Answer 24

when you observe another person doing something, the same brain areas will be active in you as in the other person doing the action.

Question 25

What is the Non Nutritive sucking method used to measure?

Answer 25

whether infants can perceive depth or not

Question 26

What is the Non Nutritive sucking method looking to measure?

Answer 26

Whether a pacifier is sucked only when seeing a pleasant stimuli or not

Question 27

What is told if an infant only sucks in the presence of a target object in a Non Nutritive Sucking task?

Answer 27

Then you can conclude that the baby is capable of perceiving depth.

Question 28

What is the preferential looking method based upon?

Answer 28

babies prefer to look at novel rather than familiar objects

Question 29

3 ways in which data can be gathered in the preferential looking method?

Answer 29

1. Observers watching discreetly at what baby is looking at.
2. Film baby and then have observers identify what they looked at.
3. Recording eye movements using eye tracker.

Question 30

Infants bias?

Answer 30

yes bias

performative bias

Question 31

What is the Yes Bias?

Answer 31

answer all questions that require an answer of either “yes” or “no” with yes

Question 32

What is the performative bias?

Answer 32

tendency to respond to a question with an action instead of replying verbally