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Nutrition > Introduction and Dietary Guidelines > Flashcards

Introduction and Dietary Guidelines Flashcards

1
Q

macronutrients

  • use
  • types
  • quantity
A
  • energy
  • needed in alrge amounts
  • fat, protein, carbs, alcohol
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2
Q

micronutrients

  • uses
  • quantity
  • types
A
  • cofactors and hormones
  • needed in small amounts
  • vitamins and minerals
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3
Q

what are essential nutrients

A
  • things that can not be synthesized in large enough amounts to sustain health
  • must be eaten
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4
Q

conditional essential nutrients

A
  • typically not needed when in a healthy state but become essential in situations imposed by illness, physiologic stress, or deficiency
  • carnitine with dialysis
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5
Q

diet record

  • what
  • span
  • benefit
  • use
A
  • written record of individuals diet
  • over 3 to 7 days (including weekend and weekdays)
  • benefit is that they can record portion size
  • used for clinical monitoring and research
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6
Q

24 recalls

  • what
  • challenge
  • benefit
  • use
A
  • individual recalls what he/she ate in last 24 hours
  • focus on portion size may be more difficult
  • gives a sense of overall dietary patterns
  • clinical monitoring and research
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7
Q

food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)

  • what
  • span
  • benefit
  • use
A
  • frequency at which the individuals consume a specific food
  • over 6 to 12 months
  • helps gauge types of food and food patterns
  • research
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8
Q

food supply and disappearance

  • what
  • use
A
  • measures amount of raw materials that are consumed by the nation
  • research and government/industry
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9
Q

NHANES

A
  • performs physical exam, clinical assessment, and attain blood samples or other lab tests in person
  • used for info about diet, typicallu utilize 24 hour recalls or perform FFQ’s
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10
Q

BFRSS

A

conducted via telephone (this is a distinction from the NHANES)
-mainly assesses issues related to chronic disease and injury

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11
Q

US systems of dietary guidance for nutrients and dietary patterns

A
  • nutrients: dietary reference intakes (DRI)

- dietary patterns: dietary guidelines for americans (DGA)

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12
Q

DRI

A
  • dietary reference intake
  • recommendations for intake of specific nutrients to promotes growth, maintain health or prevent disease
  • values are developed for different sex and age groups
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13
Q

EAR

A

-average daily nutrient intake that meets 50% of populations needs

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14
Q

RDA

A
  • 2 SD’s from EAR, adequate level for 98% of pop

- this is the most accurate

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15
Q

AI

A
  • like RDa but without confirmation (observed/experimental data, but not enough evidence)
  • once there is enough data, this becomes the RDA
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16
Q

UL

A

-highest daily intake below which most healthy people will see no adverse effects (greater than this there is toxicity)

17
Q

AMDR

A

-% diet for each macronutrient (kCals) to provide essential nutrients and prevent chronic illness

18
Q

DGA

A
  • dietary guidelines for americans
  • provides advise about good dietary habits to those who are 2 years or older
  • basis for federal food and nutrition education programs
  • looks at overall energy balance
  • advises on what people should generally be eating instead of giving specific nutrient intake values
  • examples are My plate and food pyramid
19
Q

daily values (DV)

A
  • standard nutrient intake values developed by FDA

- used as a reference for expressing nutrient content on nutrient labels

20
Q

RDI

A
  • reference daily intakes
  • nutrient intake standards set by FDA based on the 1968 RDA’s
  • may differ from current RDA
21
Q

daily reference values (DRV)

A
  • nutrient intake standards established for protein, carbs, fat, and other nutrients
  • lacking an RDA at that time
22
Q

what are the exceptions to supplements not known to prevent human disease

A
  • VB12 in people over 50
  • follic acid in women of childbearing age or who are pregnant/ may become pregnant
  • VitD in older adults/people with dark skin/limited exposure to sunlight
23
Q

potential benefits of dietary supplements

A
  • increased nutrient bioavailability as comopared to nutrients from food
  • reversal or prevention of deficiencies
  • crystalline VitB12 in setting of reduced gastric acid
  • improved bioavailability
24
Q

potential risks of supplements

A
  • toxicity
  • side effects
  • impurities
  • potentially decreased bioavailability
  • drug nutrient interaction
  • nutrient nutrient interaction
  • false dietary security, could promote unhealthy eating
25
Q

DSHEA labeling and safety

A
  • labeling: describe the nutritive value of a product, distinguish from food, claims (health and structure)
  • safety: the burden of proof is on the FDA to establish that a product presents a significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury prior to restricting use ; surrent good manufacturing practices

Nutrition (18 decks)

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