Introduction and Dietary Guidelines Flashcards
macronutrients
- use
- types
- quantity
- energy
- needed in alrge amounts
- fat, protein, carbs, alcohol
micronutrients
- uses
- quantity
- types
- cofactors and hormones
- needed in small amounts
- vitamins and minerals
what are essential nutrients
- things that can not be synthesized in large enough amounts to sustain health
- must be eaten
conditional essential nutrients
- typically not needed when in a healthy state but become essential in situations imposed by illness, physiologic stress, or deficiency
- carnitine with dialysis
diet record
- what
- span
- benefit
- use
- written record of individuals diet
- over 3 to 7 days (including weekend and weekdays)
- benefit is that they can record portion size
- used for clinical monitoring and research
24 recalls
- what
- challenge
- benefit
- use
- individual recalls what he/she ate in last 24 hours
- focus on portion size may be more difficult
- gives a sense of overall dietary patterns
- clinical monitoring and research
food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
- what
- span
- benefit
- use
- frequency at which the individuals consume a specific food
- over 6 to 12 months
- helps gauge types of food and food patterns
- research
food supply and disappearance
- what
- use
- measures amount of raw materials that are consumed by the nation
- research and government/industry
NHANES
- performs physical exam, clinical assessment, and attain blood samples or other lab tests in person
- used for info about diet, typicallu utilize 24 hour recalls or perform FFQ’s
BFRSS
conducted via telephone (this is a distinction from the NHANES)
-mainly assesses issues related to chronic disease and injury
US systems of dietary guidance for nutrients and dietary patterns
- nutrients: dietary reference intakes (DRI)
- dietary patterns: dietary guidelines for americans (DGA)
DRI
- dietary reference intake
- recommendations for intake of specific nutrients to promotes growth, maintain health or prevent disease
- values are developed for different sex and age groups
EAR
-average daily nutrient intake that meets 50% of populations needs
RDA
- 2 SD’s from EAR, adequate level for 98% of pop
- this is the most accurate
AI
- like RDa but without confirmation (observed/experimental data, but not enough evidence)
- once there is enough data, this becomes the RDA
UL
-highest daily intake below which most healthy people will see no adverse effects (greater than this there is toxicity)
AMDR
-% diet for each macronutrient (kCals) to provide essential nutrients and prevent chronic illness
DGA
- dietary guidelines for americans
- provides advise about good dietary habits to those who are 2 years or older
- basis for federal food and nutrition education programs
- looks at overall energy balance
- advises on what people should generally be eating instead of giving specific nutrient intake values
- examples are My plate and food pyramid
daily values (DV)
- standard nutrient intake values developed by FDA
- used as a reference for expressing nutrient content on nutrient labels
RDI
- reference daily intakes
- nutrient intake standards set by FDA based on the 1968 RDA’s
- may differ from current RDA
daily reference values (DRV)
- nutrient intake standards established for protein, carbs, fat, and other nutrients
- lacking an RDA at that time
what are the exceptions to supplements not known to prevent human disease
- VB12 in people over 50
- follic acid in women of childbearing age or who are pregnant/ may become pregnant
- VitD in older adults/people with dark skin/limited exposure to sunlight
potential benefits of dietary supplements
- increased nutrient bioavailability as comopared to nutrients from food
- reversal or prevention of deficiencies
- crystalline VitB12 in setting of reduced gastric acid
- improved bioavailability
potential risks of supplements
- toxicity
- side effects
- impurities
- potentially decreased bioavailability
- drug nutrient interaction
- nutrient nutrient interaction
- false dietary security, could promote unhealthy eating
