Introduction Flashcards
four types of macros
fats
protein
ethanol
carbs
utility of macronutrients
- energy
- required and ingested in relatively large amounts (usually grams)
role of micronutrients
- cofactors
- components of hormones
- maintenance of electrochemical gradients
- required or ingested in small amounts
classes of micronutrients
- vitamins
- minerals: trace elements are a subset of minerals consumed in very small amounts
essential nutrients
- humans can not synthesize
- must be ingested
- requirements established
conditionally essential nutrients
-examples
- alteration in requirements imposed by illness or treatment
- results in need for intake that is otheriwse not necessary in health
- glutamine in critical illness
- carnitine in hemodialysis
- choline with inadequate intake of methionine and folate
food frequency questionaires
- assess frequency that certain foods are consumed
- usually over 6 to 12 months
- used mostly for research
food supply and disappearance
- amount of raw materials or food that are produced or disappear
- used for research and by government
national health and nutrition examination survey
-who, how, what
- targets US non-institutionalized persons across all ages
- done in person
- physical examination and other clinical assessments
- blood samples and other lab tests
- diet with 24 hour recall
- questionaires
behavioral risk factor surveillance system
-who, how, what?
- US non institutionalized persons across all ages
- by telephone
- some validation to insure that self reported data are accurate compared to the same data collected directly
- health risk behaviors
- clinical preventitive practices
- health care access and use primarily related to chronic illnes and injury
- survey data are reported for each state
- this may be less reliable than than NHANES because it is not done in person
who tells us what to eat?
- nutrients
- diet and dietary patterns
Nutrients: dietary reference intakes (DRI), dietary guidelines for americans (DGA), professional societies
Diet and dietary patterns: DGA, nutrients fact panel on food packages, professional societies
dietary reference intakes
-these are issued by the insitute of medicine and the naitonal academy of science and provides recommendations for all nutrient intake
estimated average requirement (EAR)
-the average daily nutrient intake level that is estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a particular stage and gender group
recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
- the average daily nutrient intake level that is sufficient to met the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
- this is a statisctical calculation from EAR
adequate intake (AI)
the recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determines approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate; used whe an RDA cannot be determined
