Introduction to Urinalysis

Question 1

The kidneys continuously form urine as an _____ of ______.

Answer 1

Ultrafiltrate of plasma

Question 2

Reabsorption of water and filtered substances essential to body function converts approximately ________ of filtered plasma to the average daily urine input of _______

Answer 2

170,000 mL
1200 mL

Question 3

Urine is normally ____ and _____

Answer 3

95% water and 5% solutes

Question 4

A metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids, accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine.

Answer 4

Urea

Question 5

The major inorganic substances dissolved in urine is

Answer 5

chloride, followed by sodium and potassium

Question 6

The organic substances in urine include primarily of

Answer 6

creatinine and uric acid

Question 7

It depends on the amount of water that the kidneys excrete

Answer 7

Urine volume

Question 8

Primary components in normal urine

Answer 8

urea
creatinine
uric acid
chloride
sodium
potassium
phosphate
ammonium
calcium

Question 9

Primary components in normal urine:

Primary organic component. Product of protein and amino acid metabolism

Answer 9

Urea

Question 10

Primary components in normal urine:

Product of creatinine metabolism by muscles

Answer 10

Creatinine

Question 11

Primary components in normal urine:

Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells

Answer 11

Uric acid

Question 12

Primary components in normal urine:

Primary inorganic component. Found in combination with sodium (table salt) and many other inorganic substances

Answer 12

Chloride

Question 13

Primary components in normal urine:

Primarily from salt, varies by intake

Answer 13

Sodium

Question 14

Primary components in normal urine:

Combined with chloride and other salts

Answer 14

Potassium

Question 15

Primary components in normal urine:

Combines with sodium to buffer the blood

Answer 15

Phosphate

Question 16

Primary components in normal urine:

Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

Answer 16

Ammonium

Question 17

Primary components in normal urine:

Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate

Answer 17

Calcium

Question 18

Situated primarily in the renal cortex

Answer 18

Cortical nephron

Question 19

Primarily responsible for the removal of waste products

Answer 19

Cortical nephron

Question 20

Its primary function is urine concentration

Answer 20

Juxtamedullary nephron

Question 21

A non-selective filter of plasma substances

Answer 21

Glomerulus

Question 22

Is the blood volume delivered to the kidneys/unit time

Answer 22

Renal blood flow

Question 23

the primary step in making urine

Answer 23

Glomerular filtration

Question 24

It is the renal process that involves with the filtration of ecxess fluid & waste products out of the blood into the collecting tubules, that facilitates their allow elimination

Answer 24

Glomerular filtration

Question 25

Is the best test to measure the level of renal function & determine the stages of renal diseases

Answer 25

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 26

Is the process by which water & solutes are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood

Answer 26

Tubular reabsorption

Question 27

Is a passive process whereby drugs are reabsorbed into the systemic circulation from the lumen of the distal tubules

Answer 27

Tubular reabsorption

Question 28

It is the transfer of materials from peritubular capilllaries to the renal tubular lumen

Answer 28

Tubular secreyion

Question 29

Is caused mainly by passive diffusion & active transport

Answer 29

Tubular secretion

Question 30

It originates from the aorta and provides blood supply to the kidneys

Answer 30

Renal artery

Question 31

total renal blood flow

Answer 31

1200 mL/min, or 600 mL/min (ave body size 1.73 m2)

Question 32

total renal plasma flow

Answer 32

600 to 700 mL/min

Question 33

Short version of renal blood flow:

Answer 33

Renal artery --> afferent arteriole --> efferent arteriole --> proximal convoluted tubule capillaries --> vasa recta/loop of henle --> distal convolutes tubule capillaries --> renal vein

Question 34

its function is primary reabsorption

Answer 34

Proximal convolute tubule

Question 35

Site where finaal urine concentration takes places

Answer 35

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 36

Site where major exchanges of water and salts

Answer 36

Vasa recta

Question 37

approximately _______ or ________ of the renal plasma is filtered through the glomeruli forming the ultrafiltrate

Answer 37

1/5 or 120 mL/min

Question 38

Has a similar composition with blood plasma yet it is normally free of protein except for about 10 mg/dL of low molecular-weight protein

Answer 38

Ultrafiltrate

Question 39

Composition of the filtered products:

Answer 39

water, glucose, electrolytes, amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia

Question 40

refers to the movement of water & small solutes, (coming from the blood) flowing through the glomerulus, across the porous filtration membrane

Answer 40

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

Question 41

is proportional to the body size varies with sex & age

Answer 41

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 42

is used to monitor the progression of kidney diseases

Answer 42

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 43

is an important indicator of renal function

Answer 43

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 44

The 3 cellular layers that the plasma filtrate must pass through:

Answer 44

1. the capillary wall membrane 2. the basement membrane (basal lamina) 3. the visceral epithelium of Bowman’s capsule

Question 45

Filtration is enhanced by the presence of _________ resulting from the smaller size of the efferent arteriole & the glomerular capillaries.

Answer 45

hydrostatic pressure

Question 46

↑ing or ↓ing the afferent arteriole size leads to the development of a _______________ that can keep the glomerular BP at a relatively constant rate regardless of systemic BP fluctuations

Answer 46

juxtaglomerular apparatus autoregulatory mechanism

Question 47

prevent a marked ↓in blood flowing through the kidney, hence preventing an ↑ in the blood level of toxic waste products

Answer 47

afferent arterioles dilation & efferent arterioles constriction during BP drops

Question 48

prevents over-filtration or glomerular damage

Answer 48

afferent arteriole constriction during BP elevations

Question 49

Where does Glomerular filtration takes place?

Answer 49

Renal corpuscle

Question 50

tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion happen all along the

Answer 50

renal tubule & collecting duct.

Question 51

controls blood flow regulation to & within the glomerulus

Answer 51

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Question 52

Is involved in regulating urine concentration & volume

Answer 52

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Question 53

is sensitive to BP changes & plasma sodium content

Answer 53

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Question 54

it controls aldosterone secretion

Answer 54

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Question 55

is an enzyme (aka an angiotensinogenase) synthesized by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys

Answer 55

Renin

Question 56

is responsible in converting angiotensinogen, (a plasma protein produced by the liver), into angiotensin I

Answer 56

Renin

Question 57

present in the lungs converts the passing angiotensin I into its active form angiotensin II

Answer 57

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 58

the sodium-retaining hormone

Answer 58

Aldosterone

Question 59

produced in the outer section (cortex) of the adrenal glands

Answer 59

Aldosterone

Question 60

is a major mineralocorticoid that aids in the regulation of homeostasis of 2 mineral ions, namely sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+)

Answer 60

Aldosterone

Question 61

it promotes H+ excretion in the urine; this acid removal from the body can help prevent acidosis (blood pH below 7.35)

Answer 61

Aldosterone