Part II

Question 1

refers to the process that moves solutes & water out of the filtrate for the second time and returns them back in the bloodstream

Answer 1

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

Question 2

is the result from processes like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, symport, & osmosis

Answer 2

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

Question 3

is the movement of a substance across a membrane against a gradient

Answer 3

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 4

requires the combination of the substance to be reabsorbed with a carrier protein

Answer 4

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 5

this creates an electrochemical energy, which causes the substance to be transferred across the cell membranes back into the circulation

Answer 5

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 6

is responsible for glucose reabsorption, amino acids, & PCT salts, chloride in the ascending loop of Henle, & sodium in the DCT

Answer 6

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 7

when the active transport of a substance requires energy (e.g., the Na+ pump)

Answer 7

direct active transport

Question 8

when the transport of one substance is coupled with the transport of another substance down a gradient (e.g., the indirect absorption of glucose with Na+ in the PCT)

Answer 8

indirect active transport / cotransport

Question 9

is the movement of a substance along a gradient (from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration)

Answer 9

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Question 10

is driven by the gradient differences in the electrical potential or concentration of molecules on opposite sides of the membrane

Answer 10

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Question 11

requires no energy

Answer 11

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Question 12

Passive reabsorption of water occurs in all parts of the nephron, except the_________ because the walls are water impermeable.

Answer 12

ascending loop of Henle

Question 13

• the plasma concentration at which active transport stops

Answer 13

renal threshold

Question 14

Renal threshold for glucose:

Answer 14

160 to 180 mg/dL

Question 15

Substances in Active transport

Answer 15

Glucose
Amino Acids
Salts
Sodium

Question 16

Substances in Passive transport

Answer 16

Water
Urea
Sodium

Question 17

Where does renal concentration starts

Answer 17

Descending and ascending loops of henle

Question 18

prevents the excessive water reabsorption as the filtrate passes through the highly concentrated medulla

Answer 18

water-impermeable walls of the ascending loop

Question 19

is the process which involves selective reabsorption, that functions to maintain the osmotic gradient of the medulla

Answer 19

countercurrent mechanism

Question 20

the starting point of the final concentration of the filtrate (through the
water reabsorption)

Answer 20

distal convoluted tubule

Question 21

Reabsorption is dependent on the

Answer 21

1. osmotic gradient (medulla)
2. arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone [ADH])

Question 22

is required for water reabsorption to happen in the collecting tubules

Answer 22

ADH

Question 23

is a hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus & transferred via the neuronal stalk to the Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Answer 23

ADH

Question 24

-present in the ♥
-monitor arterial BP

Answer 24

vascular baroreceptors

Question 25

is the passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to the tubular filtrate

Answer 25

Tubular Secretion

Question 26

takes place throughout the nephron (like tubular reabsorption)

Answer 26

Tubular Secretion

Question 27

is the major site of the removal of plasma protein – bound foreign nonfiltered substances (e.g., medications)

Answer 27

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 28

The 3 body systems required in maintaining the blood pH at a level compatible with life:

Answer 28

the blood-buffer system pulmonary system renal system

Question 29

The buffering & the elimination of the excess acid formed by dietary intake & metabolism in the blood aids in the maintenance of normal blood pH which is alkaline, ranging from ________

Answer 29

7.35 to 7.45

Question 30

the buffering capacity of the blood depends on

Answer 30

bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions

Question 31

must be expediently returned to the blood to maintain the proper pH

Answer 31

bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions

Question 32

secretion of these ions by the renal tubular cells into the filtrate inhibits the filtered HCO3- from being

Answer 32

hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 33

excreted in the urine & leads to the HCO3- ions being returned to the plasma

Answer 33

hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 34

the actual excretion of the excess of these ions is dependent on tubular secretion

Answer 34

hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 35

the adjustment of the pH, osmolality, and electrolyte content of the urine

Answer 35

The primary function of the distal & collecting tubules:

Question 36

is the result of the disruption of the renal secretory functions

Answer 36

Metabolic acidosis/renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

Question 37

a condition characterized by the inability to produce an acid urine

Answer 37

Metabolic acidosis/renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

Question 38

is the volume of plasma in milliliters that is completely cleared of a substance per unit of time

Answer 38

Renal clearance

Question 39

the standard test utilized to measure the glomerular filtering capacity

Answer 39

Clearance test

Question 40

measures the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove (to clear) a filterable substance from the blood

Answer 40

Clearance test

Question 41

can help in the evaluation of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, & tubular secretion & in renal blood flow determinations

Answer 41

Clearance test

Question 42

commonly performed for GFR evaluations

Answer 42

Clearance test

Question 43

requires the use of substances with known & strictly limited modes of renal excretion

Answer 43

Clearance test

Question 44

was measured in the earliest glomerular filtration tests because of its presence in all urine specimens & the routinely used methods of chemical analysis are existent

Answer 44

Urea

Question 45

are substances that replaced urea as a test substance for GFR

Answer 45

C = creatinine, cystatin C R = radioisotopes I = inulin B = β2 microglobulin

Question 46

Used to be the gold standard for measuring GFR because it has all the properties of an ideal marker.

Answer 46

inulin