L28/29- Embryology 1/2 Flashcards
The atrioventricular canal is divided by the development of ___________ masses. ___________ grow and fuse to divide canal into left and right atrioventricular orifices.
What is the mesenchyme that remains around the atrioventricular orifices after fusion of the cushions become separated from the main ventricular wall as the trabeculae form except for one primary connection? What is it replaced by?
____________ form opposite spiral ridges in the truncus arteriosus and the conus cordis called ___________. Ridges enlarge towards each other and grow distally until they fuse into a ____________.
What is the muscular portion of the interventricular septum develops as a ridge that increases in prominence
as the ventricles continue to expand? What does it not grow to do? What closes the interventricular foramen?
Where are the endocardial cushions placed? What is the most common congenital malformation of the heart? Conotruncal septal defects are associated with what? What are the 4 things that compose a tetralogy of a fallot?
What is the thin, membranous crescent begins to grow between the left and right halves of the atrium toward the atrioventricular canal? Where does a gap remain? What is the second, thicker and more muscular septum begins to grow to the right of the septum primum? What is the foramen that is left as a gap?
Atrial septal defects (ASD) usually result from insufficient development of ________. What results in a large and fully open oval foramen? What happens during failure of a septum secundum? What happens in the absence of any septa?
What is the pacemaker of the heart? Where is it located? What does the impulse cause? How is the impulse increased? How is the impulse decreased?
____________ must be delayed relative to atrial contraction. What prevents the conduction contraction impulse from happening too quickly? What receives the impulse next? Where does it transmit the impulse to?
Within the interventricular septum, the _________ divides into right and left bundles. Where do the bundles run? What do the purkinje fibers do? Where does ventricular contraction start?
Different ________ can result in different conductance dysfunctions (heart blocks) and ventricular contraction will _____ properly synchronized with atrial contraction. What helps this? What results in no pumping of blood?
What are the 3 blood vessel layers and what do they contain?
Layers are similar between arteries and veins but _______ of each layer and some composition reflects difference in function of the vessels – veins carry low pressure blood
What are 2 large veins and they’re generally closest to _______ and hold all the blood from __________. What is thicker- Tunica media or Tunica adventitia?
What are 2 mid-sized veins? Tunica intima is elaborated into ________.
What is a Pericyte? What do they share a basal lamina with? How do they communicate? Where can they be found?
What are the 2 divisions of venules? WHat do the postcapillary venules lack? What is their endothelium supported by? Where does passage of WBC’s into local tissues occur? What are the walls composed of in muscular venules?
The heart layers reflect what? What are the heart layers? What are the layers composed of?
Cardiomyocytes that specialize in rapid conduction of cardiac impulses (coordinate myocardial contractions) are called what? 3 facts about them? What are they lacking?
Fibrosis subsequent to _______ of cardiac myocytes can result in significant dysfunction of heart walls
Bilateral blood islands caudal to the cardiogenic field coalesce to form a pair of ___________. What is the dorsal aortae? What/ where is the aortic sac?
What are the 5 pharyngeal arches that develop? _________ in each pharyngeal arch form an aortic arch that passes from the aortic sac to the dorsal aorta of the same side. What does the sequence of development mean for all aortic arches?
What aortic arches disappear almost immediately? What divides the aortic and pulmonary trunks? ___________ of the remaining vessels creates the final anatomy of the aorta and it’s branches. What does the aortic sac become? What does the aortic arch 3 become?What does the aortic arch 4 become?What does the aortic arch 6 become?
What is the 6th arch nerve? What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve carry? How does it get back to the neck? What does the loss of the 6th aortic arch on the right side allow?
What is coarctation of the aorta? What is an artery that has many differences in the final growth of vessels?
What are the 5 differences in fetal circulation?
What does the round ligament of the liver cover? The ligamentum venosum? Fossa ovalis? Ligamentum arteriosum? Medial umbilical ligaments?
