Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomical Sciences 1 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage and bone are specialized connective tissues called ________

A

Skeletal tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Skeletal tissues are rigid – primary function is _________

A

Structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mammalian cartilages are typically ______

A

Avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ECM promotes diffusion – hydrated by _________ and strengthened by _________

A

Ground substance, collagens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does ground substance contain

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and
proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the cartilage cell and what does it do

A

Chondrocyte, secretes and maintains ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the chondrocyte secrete

A

GAG’s, procollagens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Look/ ECM/ functions/ distribution of Hyaline cartilage

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Look/ ECM/ functions/ distribution of Elastic cartilage

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Look/ ECM/ functions/ distribution of fibrocartilage cartilage

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a form of hyaline cartilage that degenerates with age

A

Articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Early degeneration of articular cartilage shows what

A

Fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Progressive degeneration of articular cartilage causes what

A

Osteoarthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is cauliflower ear from

A

Blunt force trauma to ear causes hematoma (blood pool) and separation of perichondrium from cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When damaged, cartilage has ___________

A

Limited regenerative ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does a tear in the fibrocartilage annulus fibrosis cause

A

Herniated intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Facts about herniated intervertebral disc

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Elastic cartilage thats damaged can turn into what

A

Cauliflower ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fibrocartilage thats damaged can turn into what

A

Herniated intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mammalian bone is typically _________
with capillaries enclosed by a network of
_________

A

Vascularized, vascular canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Unlike cartilage, bone has _________

A

High oxygen needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bone is mineralized which ______________ and acts as a ________________

A

Strengthens the skeleton, acts as a calcium store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The osteocyte maintains the ___________,
_________ ECM as needed

A

Mineralized ECM, depositing and resorbing ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bone- Molecular exchange occurs through tiny
interconnected tunnels in ECM called
_______

A

Canaliculi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Osteocytes extend processes into canaliculi to connect with neighbors for communication and ___________.

A

Exchange of nutrients and wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Identify arrows

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is an osteoprogenitor cell

A

Unipotent stem cell that replenishes osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells occur where

A

On the periosteum (outside) and endosteum (internal surface)

34
Q

Identify types of cells

A
35
Q

What do osteoblasts do/ what can they become

A
36
Q

What is a bone-lining cell

A

Flat and inactive

37
Q

What do osteoclasts do

A
38
Q

Identify

A
39
Q

Bone ECM is secreted one layer at a time
primarily by _________

A

Osteoblasts

40
Q

The organic portion of bone ECM consists
mainly of what

A

Type I collagen fibers

41
Q

The organic ECM is pale before
mineralization and is called what

A

Osteoid

42
Q

Identify

A
43
Q

____________ is the mineral part of bone ECM and is added to the osteoid

A

Hydroxyapatite

44
Q

Osteoblasts secrete _______ to concentrate calcium ions in the osteoid

A

Osteocalcin

45
Q

Osteoblasts then release _______, which crystallize hydroxyapatite around the collagen fibers

A

Matrix vesicles

46
Q

Matrix vesicles contain _________, which is a marker for bone ECM formation

A

Alkaline phosphatase

47
Q

How do osteoclasts decalcify the ECM

A

By lowering the pH with proton pumps

48
Q

Byproducts of resorption (e.g., calcium ions) are endocytosed by the osteoclast and secreted where

A

Into blood capillaries

49
Q

A _______ is evidence of prior osteoclastic activity – resorptive cavity

A

Scalloped surface

50
Q

Hyperactivity of osteoclasts can lead to what

A

Low bone mass like osteoporosis

51
Q

Identify

A
52
Q

Identify

A
53
Q

What does woven bone represent

A

Woven bone shows disorganized
cells and ECM, Woven bone reflects fast growth
(e.g., fetal growth, fracture repair)

54
Q

What does lamellar bone represent

A

Lamellar bone shows layering of
cells and ECM (layer=lamella), Lamellar bone reflects slow growth

55
Q

Where does red marrow live

A

Medullary cavity

56
Q

Identify the parts of bone

A
57
Q

What is the embryological origin of bone

A

 Lineages of neural crest cell, paraxial mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm give rise to bones

58
Q

_________ condenses from neural crest cell and
mesoderm lineages

A

Mesenchyme (embryonic CT)

59
Q

In humans, what are the 2 ways that bones can develop from mesenchyme?

A

Intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification

60
Q

Intramembranous ossification – mesenchyme develops under __________ into bone without cartilage precursor

A

High oxygen tension

61
Q

Endochondral ossification – mesenchyme develops _______________. When the cartilage is vascularized, it is replaced by bone.

A

Hyaline cartilage model under low oxygen tension

62
Q

Identify- Intramembranous ossification

A
63
Q

Identify- endochondral ossification

A
64
Q

Cartilage model formed initially under low oxygen tension is replaced in steps:

A

 Midshaft perichondrium transforms into periosteum
 Vascular invasion and formation of primary center of ossification in diaphysis
 Vascular invasion and formation of secondary centers of ossification at epiphyses

65
Q

What are the 2 kinds of growth that cartilage uses

A

Appositional growth and interstitial growth

66
Q

In appositional growth, the dense CT
perichondrium that surrounds hyaline and
elastic cartilage _______________ and
ECM to the surface of the cartilage

A

Adds new chondrocytes

67
Q

In interstitial growth, a chondrocyte divides
into a cluster of ___________ called __________. The daughter cells move apart from each other as they secrete ECM, increasing tissue volume from within

A

Daughter cells called an isogenous group

68
Q

Bone is mineralized, so it can only increase in volume by _______

A

Appositional growth

69
Q

What lines the external surface of bones

A

Periosteum

70
Q

What lines the internal vascular cavities of bone

A

Endosteum

71
Q

Periosteal apposition ________ the bone

A

Widens (thickens)

72
Q

Endosteal apposition _________

A

Infills the bone (converts cancellous to compact)

73
Q

Major damage: fracture healing

A
74
Q

Minor damage: microfracture repair

A
74
Q

Increased apposition relative to resorption leads to _____________

A

High bone mass and brittleness

75
Q

Decreased apposition relative to resorption leads to _____________

A

Low bone mass and weakness

76
Q

What is a major diagnostic sign of Paget’s disease

A

Osteons with poor lamellae and wavy reversal lines

77
Q

What is the cause of Paget’s disease

A

Disorganized bone remodeling caused by accelerated resorption and apposition

78
Q
A

C

79
Q
A

D

80
Q
A

Anatomical Sciences 1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions