Lectures 10-11 Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the CNS
A
Within the skull & vertebral canal
2
Q
The CNS is a derivative of what
A
The neural tube
3
Q
Where is the PNS & what does it include
A
Outside the skull & vertebral canal, includes cranial and spinal nerves
4
Q
The PNS is a derivative of what
A
The neural crest
5
Q
What is the most superior portion of the CNS
A
Cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon
6
Q
What is the most inferior portion of the CNS
A
Spinal cord
7
Q
What is the frontal lobe responsible for
A
Motor function
8
Q
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for
A
Executive functions
9
Q
What is the parietal lobe responsible for
A
Sensory integration
10
Q
What is the occipital lobe responsible for
A
Vision
11
Q
What is the temporal lobe responsible for
A
Hearing and memory
12
Q
What is the cingulate gyrus (part of limbic lobe) responsible for
A
Emotion
13
Q
What are the functions of the anterior & posterior thalamus
A
Anterior thalamus: Motor relay
Posterior thalamus: Sensory relay
14
Q
What are the functions of the hypothalamus
A
Controls autonomic nervous system
15
Q
Identify
A
16
Q
The ________ is a conduit between the PNS & CNS; contains centers for many cranial nerve functions
A
Brainstem
17
Q
Area of the brainstem responsible for maintenance of consciousness
A
Reticular formation
18
Q
How many pairs in the spinal cord
A
31 pairs of spinal nerves
19
Q
Above the midbrain: What is anterior/ posterior & superior/ inferior
A
Anterior-Rostral
Posterior- caudal
Superior- Dorsal
Inferior- Ventral
20
Q
Where does the orientation switch in the brain when naming structures
A
Below the midbrain
21
Q
Below the midbrain what is anterior/ posterior & superior/ inferior
A
Anterior- Ventral
Posterior- Dorsal
Superior- Rostral
Inferior- Caudal
22
Q
A
Label the colored boxes
23
Q
What does the ectoderm express that inhibits neural tissue
A
BMP4
24
Q
What inhibits BMP4 & what happens when it’s inhibited
A
Signals from notochord inhibit BMP4 which induces neuroectoderm to thicken and is now called the neural plate
25
What are the first signs of brain development
When the neural folds at the cranial end appear
26
Identify
27
When the neural folds join along the midline- the neural plate gets converted into a _______
Neural tube
28
What is the neural tube
Primordial CNS
29
What does the neural tube turn into
CNS
30
What are the letters
NF Neural fold
NG neural groove
31
The neural tube closure is initiated where
Cervical region (5th somite)
32
Identify top lines
33
Neural crest cells arise from where
Dorsal part of the neural tube
34
Neural crest cells turn into what
PNS
35
Identify
36
Neural crest turns into what
PNS
37
How are neural tube defects diagnosed
Prenatal ultrasound and by elevated levels of α-fetoprotein in the maternal serum and amniotic fluid
38
39
How do you decrease the incidence of neural tube defects
Folic acid
40
What is the functional cell of the nervous system
Neuron
41
What does the neuron do
Conducts neural impulses
42
What is the cell that supports neurons
Glial cells
43
What are the glia cells in the CNS
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
44
What is the predominant glial cell in the PNS
Schwann cells
45
What is the function of the soma
Integrate information
46
What is the function of dendrites
Reception and transmission of impulses towards cell body
47
What are the intermediate filaments of neurons
Neurofilaments
48
Dendrites contain _______ that increase the surface area for synaptic contact
Spines
49
The cell body of a neuron contains abundant ________
Nissl substance
50
How do you identify an axon terminal
Huge numbers of synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter
51
What forms contact with target structures of an axon and holds the vesicles with neurotransmitter?
Terminal bouton
52
Identify arrows
53
What is the most common type of synapse
Axodendritic (synapse of an axon terminal onto the DENdrite of another axon
54
What is an axosomatic synapse
Axon that synapses onto the cell body (soma) of another neuron
55
What is the area of a neuron that integrates the message
Axon hillock
56
What is an axoaxonic synapse
Axon terminal ends at another axon- these are mostly inhibitory
57
Be able to recognize
58
What kind of synapse is this
59
What kind of synapse is this
Axosomatic
60
What kind of synapse is this
Axodendritic
61
Identify arrows
62
Neurons can be classified based on their
Morphology
63
Pseudounipolar neurons have _____ function. Where are they found? Where are their cell bodies?
Sensory function. They're found in the somatic/ visceral/ taste system. Cell bodies in PNS
64
Bipolar neurons are always _____ neurons. Where are they found?
Sensory, PNS
65
Multipolar neurons are the most common where? It can also be identified from having a ___
CNS. Motor neuron
66
What kind of neuron is this? Where is it found?
Multipolar. Central nervous system
67
What kind of neuron is this? Where is it found?
Bipolar, PNS (smell, vision, hearing, vestibular)
68
What kind of neuron is this? Where is it found?
Pseudounipolar, PNS (taste, somatic and visceral nervous systems)
69
Grey matter in brain is found where and contains what
Covers external surface and contains neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
70
White matter in brain is found where and contains what
Found internal to the grey matter and appears white when unstained
71
Identify sections and tissue type
72
What is unique about spinal cord stain
Different color and orientation
73
Spinal cord stain is called what
Myelin stain
74
What color does white matter & grey matter stain using a myelin stain in spinal cord
White matter stains grey, grey matter stains white
75
In the CNS what are neuronal cell bodies
Nucleus, nuclei, cortex, lamina, column
76
In the PNS what are neuronal cell bodies
Ganglion
77
What do somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons have in common
Multipolar neurons, cell bodies in CNS grey matter
78
How do somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons differ
Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle and visceral motor neurons (autonomic) innervate smooth/cardiac muscle, and glands
79
What do somatic & visceral sensory neurons have in common
Pseudounipolar neurons, cell bodies in posterior root ganglia
80
Identify
Sensory ganglion at low magnification (no synapses)
81
Identify
Autonomic ganglion at low magnification (multipolar motor neurons)
82
Identify
83
Identify
84
Compare at higher mag
85
Identify
86
Identify
87
Whats wrong with this image
88
Whats wrong with this image
89
What is responsible for conducting neural impulses
Neurons
90
What plays a supporting role to neurons
Glial cells
91
What are the myelinating cells of the CNS
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin
92
What are the 4 functions of astrocytes in CNS
Maintain tight junctions, regulation ionic environment, impermeable barrier in CNS, glial scar in response to injury
93
What cells produce CSF in CNS
Ependymal cells
94
What are the resident phagocytes in CNS
Microglia
95
What are the myelinating cells of the PNS
Schwann cells
96
Identify the type of cell
Oligodendrocyte
97
What is an autoimmune disease from malfunctioning oligodendrocytes
Multiple sclerosis
98
Identify circles
Myelin shealth
99
What is a tumor that arises from a neoplastic astrocyte
Glioblastoma
100
What are the brown things
101
Identify
102
What is a disease that comes from malfunctioning Schwann cells
Guillain-Barre syndrome
103
What is this tissue & what disease is it from
Guillain- Barre syndrome- Schwann cell malfunctioning
104
What wraps an entire nerve? Wraps fascicles?
Wraps individual neurons?
105
Identify
106
Identify
107
What is the spinal dura composed of
Single layer of meningeal dura only; no dural sinuses or reflections
108
What is the cranial dura composed of
2 layers- periosteal layer and meningeal layer; fused in most places
109
What is the real space formed when the meningeal layer detaches from the periosteal layer of the cranial dura
Dural venous sinuses
110
Identify
111
What is the meningeal layer that invests the surface of the brain and spinal cord (cannot be removed)
Pia mater
112
Identify
113
Identify
Filum terminale: pia mater that extends from the inferior end of the spinal cord and anchors the cord to the coccyx
114
The epidural space is a real space & potential space where? Where is it located?
Between endosteum of skull and periosteal dura; potential space in the brain, a real space in the spinal cord
115
The subdural space is a real space & potential space where? Where is it located?
Potential space between meningeal dura and arachnoid barrier layer in BOTH brain and spinal cord
116
The subarachnoid space is a real space & potential space where? Where is it located? What is it filled with?
Real space between the arachnoid barrier layer and pia mater in BOTH the brain and the spinal cord; traversed by arachnoid trabecular cells; filled with CSF
117
What are the 2 types of meningitis
Bacterial/ viral meningitis
118
What are 2 clinical diseases resulting from defects in posterior neuropore
Myeloschisis: Failure of neural folds to elevate; results in flattened mass of neural tissue in lumbar region
Meningomyelocele (Spina bifida): Neural tissue protrudes through lumbar vertebral defect
119
What are 2 clinical cases resulting from defects in anterior neuropore
Anencephaly: Induction failure of mesoderm
Encephalocele: Bony defect in skull
120
Identify
Schwann cell
121
Identify
Oligodendrocyte
122
Identify
123
Identify
