L30: Respiratory System

Question 1

what is pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

breathing

Question 2

function of respiratory system (hint: 6)

Answer 2

• breathing
• gas exchange
• acid balance
• filters/protects respiratory surfaces from pathogens/dehydration
• vocalization
• olfaction

Question 3

what is the nasal septum

Answer 3

central wall of bone and cartilage that divides the nasal cavity

Question 4

what are nasal conchae

Answer 4

bony plates found on lateral walls of nasal cavity that increase surface area of mucous membrane

Question 5

what is the pharynx wall lined with

Answer 5

mucosa

Question 6

what kind of muscle does the pharynx contain and why

Answer 6

• skeletal muscle

- permits swallowing

Question 7

what kind of epithelium in the nasopharynx

Answer 7

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 8

what kind of epithelium in the oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Answer 8

nonkeratinized stratified epithelium

Question 9

what is the cartilaginous structure that connects the pharynx to the trachea

Answer 9

larynx

Question 10

in the larynx what are the vestibular folds

Answer 10

false vocal cords

Question 11

in the larynx, what are the vocal folds

Answer 11

true vocal cords

Question 12

in the larynx where are the vestibular ligaments

Answer 12

superior

Question 13

in the larynx where are the vocal ligaments

Answer 13

inferior

Question 14

do cuneiform cartilages attach to any other cartilage?

Answer 14

• NO

- they are supported within the aryepiglottic fold (mucosa-covered connective tissue sheet)

Question 15

what is the mucosa-covered connective tissue sheet

Answer 15

aryepiglottic fold

Question 16

what is the flexible, slightly rigid tube in mediastinum?

Answer 16

trachea

Question 17

which vertebrae is the trachea associated with?

Answer 17

• runs from C6 to T4/T5 where it bifurcates into primary bronchi

Question 18

function of trachea

Answer 18

• filter
• warm
• humidify air

Question 19

how many hyaline cartilages does the trachea contain

Answer 19

15-20 U-shaped hyaline cartilages

Question 20

what muscle is in the trachea

Answer 20

trachealis

Question 21

in the trachea, what connects cartilage rings

Answer 21

anular ligaments

Question 22

what kind of epithelium in the trachea?

Answer 22

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 23

in the bronchioles, what is hyaline cartilage replaced by?

Answer 23

smooth muscle (keep them open)

Question 24

what kind of epithelium lines the bronchioles, why?

Answer 24

• columnar cuboidal epithelium

- facilitates gas difussion

Question 25

what do terminal bronchioles branch into?

Answer 25

respiratory bronchioles

Question 26

what do respiratory bronchioles branch into?

Answer 26

alveolar duct and alveoli

Question 27

what occurs at the beginning of inspiration

Answer 27

- contraction of muscles and increase thoracic volume - expansion of lungs & increase alveolar volume - decrease in alveolar pressure below barometric air pressure - air flows in lungs

Question 28

what occurs at end of inspiration

Answer 28

- alveoli and thorax stop expanding - air flow into the lungs causes PB = palv - no more movement of air occurs

Question 29

what occurs during the beginning of expiration?

Answer 29

- decrease thoracic volume - decrease alveolar volume - increase alveolar pressure above barometric air pressure (Palv>PB) - air flows out of lungs until Palv = PB

Question 30

what occurs at the end of expiration?

Answer 30

- PB = Palv | - no more movement of air occurs

Question 31

what is boyles law?

Answer 31

the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, and vice versa

Question 32

increasing volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation does what?

Answer 32

decreases intrapulmonary pressure relative to the atmospheric and pressure and air flows into the lungs

Question 33

why is air forced out of the lungs?

Answer 33

the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation relative to outside atmospheric pressure

Question 34

______ are continuous at the hilum of each lung

Answer 34

pleural layers

Question 35

what is visceral pluera?

Answer 35

- layer of coelomic epithelium that adheres to tissue of the lungs - insensitive to pain

Question 36

what is parietal pleura?

Answer 36

- layer that lines walls of thoracic cage | - sensitive to pain

Question 37

what innervates the parietal pleura

Answer 37

somatic nerves

Question 38

what separates the parietal pleura from the intercostal muscles?

Answer 38

endothoracic fascia

Question 39

difference in sensitivity to pain between visceral and parietal pleura?

Answer 39

visceral: insensitive parietal: sensitive

Question 40

shape of lungs?

Answer 40

- conical - concave base resting on diaphragm - blunt apex near clavicle

Question 41

lung divided into lobes by?

Answer 41

fissures

Question 42

what are the 3 surfaces of the lungs

Answer 42

- mediastinal - diaphragmatic - costal

Question 43

what are the borders of the lungs?

Answer 43

- anterior - posterior (smooth) - inferior

Question 44

what is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 44

- conducts blood from the heart to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

Question 45

what is bronchial circulation?

Answer 45

- component of systemic circulation | - consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung

Question 46

role of bronchial arteries in bronchial circulation?

Answer 46

- branch from the anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and supply structures in the bronchial tree

Question 47

role of larger bronchial veins in bronchial circulation?

Answer 47

- collect venous blood and drain into the azygos and hemiazygous systems of veins

Question 48

what is eupnea?

Answer 48

- quite breathing at rest | - can be diaphragmatic or costal

Question 49

what is diaphragmatic breathing?

Answer 49

- deep breathing - diaphragmatic contraction expands thoracic cavity - innervated by phrenic nerve

Question 50

in diaphragmatic breathing, exhalation is passive _________?

Answer 50

the diaphragm relaxes

Question 51

what is costal breathing?

Answer 51

- shallow breathing - external intercostal muscles contract, elevate ribs and enlarge the thoracic cavity - innervated by intercostal nerve

Question 52

in costal breathing, exhalation of passive. _______?

Answer 52

muscles relax

Question 53

what is hypereupnea?

Answer 53

fast-forced breathing

Question 54

during hypereupnea" inspiration, what do the accessory muscles do?

Answer 54

- assist external intercostal muscles to elevate ribs and enlarge the thorax

Question 55

accessory muscles in hypereupnea: inspiration?

Answer 55

1. scale muscles (elevate 1st an 2nd ribs) 2. serratus anterior and posterior 3. pectoralis minor and major 4. sternocleidomastoid

Question 56

during hypereupnea: exhalation, what depresses the ribs?

Answer 56

internal intercostal muscles and transversus thoracis

Question 57

what occurs at very rigorous breathing exhalation?

Answer 57

abdominal muscles compress abdominal contents and reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 58

what muscles are used at very rigorous breathing exhalation?

Answer 58

1. external and internal obliques 2. transversus abdominis 3. rectus abdominis

Question 59

sympathetic innervation to the lungs originates from?

Answer 59

t1-t5

Question 60

main function of sympathetic innervation?

Answer 60

open up or dilate the bronchioles

Question 61

parasympathetic innervation to the lungs is from?

Answer 61

the left and right vagus nerves (CN X)

Question 62

main function of parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 62

decrease the airway diameter of the bronchioles