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ANAT > L31: Digestive System #1 > Flashcards

L31: Digestive System #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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2
Q

in the Git tract wall, what pushes materials from one end to the other?

A

smooth muscle

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3
Q

what do the organs of the GI tract form?

A

a continuous 9-10m tube from the mouth to the anus

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4
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • sublingual salivary glands
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5
Q

what is ingestion

A

acquisition of nutrients

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6
Q

digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of

ingested food

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7
Q

propulsion?

A

Movement of food through GI tract

peristalsis and segmentation

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8
Q

secretion?

A

Release of mucins, water, acid, and enzymes

into the lumen of the digestive system

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9
Q

absorption?

A

Transport of nutrients from the digestive

system to the circulatory system

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10
Q

defecation?

A

elimination of feces

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11
Q

Peristalsis?

A

Wave muscular contraction that occurs
throughout the GI tract (similar to pushing
toothpaste through the toothpaste tube)

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12
Q

Segmentation?

A

Back-and-forth churning that occurs mainly in

the small intestine

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13
Q

Tonsils?

A
  • patches of lymphatic tissue found at the entrance of the pharynx
  • protection against ingested and inhaled pathogens
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14
Q

Enamel?

A

white outer surface of tooth (only in crown), calcified surface that is stronger than bone

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15
Q

Dentin?

A

surface directly beneath enamel that is less calcified, similar to bone

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16
Q

Pulp?

A

inner most part of the tooth, houses the nerve and blood supply to the tooth

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17
Q

CROWN?

A

(externally visible covered by enamel)

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18
Q

NECK?

A

(covered by gingiva, lacks enamel, not located in

alveolar bone

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19
Q

ROOT?

A

housed in alveolar bone, different teeth have different numbers of roots

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20
Q

what is the tongue?

A

Skeletal muscle and
covered by stratified
squamous epithelium

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21
Q

function of the tongue?

A
  • Assistance in chewing
    • Sensory analysis by touch, temperature, and taste receptors
    • Secretion of mucins and the
    enzyme lingual lipase that aids in breaking down the triglycerides
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22
Q

function of salivary glands?

A
  • Lubricate the oral cavity & moisten food
  • Dissolve chemicals that simulate the taste buds
  • Anti-microbial substances
  • Parasympathetic innervation simulates salivary gland secretion
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23
Q

parotid?

A

• Anteriorly to the ear
• 25-30% of the saliva passes into the oral cavity
via the parotid duct
• Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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24
Q

sublingual?

A

Inferiorly to tongue and internal to oral mucosa
• 3-5% of saliva passes to the inferior surface of
the oral cavity via the sublingual ducts
• Facial nerve (CN VII

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25
Submandibular?
``` Inferior to the mandible • 60-70% of the saliva passes to the floor of the mouth (lingual frenulum) via the submandibular duct • Facial nerve (CN VII) ```
26
action of temporalis?
TMJ elevation; Jaw closing; retraction of | the mandible; side to side movements
27
action of masseter?
TMJ elevation; Jaw closing; retraction and protraction of the mandible; side to side movements
28
action of medial pterygoid?
TMJ elevation; Jaw closing; side to side | movements
29
action of digastric?
Jaw opening; TMJ depression; larynx | elevation
30
action of mylohyoid?
Jaw opening; TMJ depression; floor of | mouth elevation; hyoid elevation
31
action of geniohyoid?
Jaw opening; TMJ depression; larynx | elevation; hyoid retraction
32
what are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous | epithelium
33
blood supply of pharynx?
branches of the external carotid a.
34
what drains the pharynx?
internal jugular veins
35
esophagus?
``` • hollow muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach • 25cm long •Located within the mediastinum ```
36
what kind of muscle is the esophagus?
skeletal and smooth
37
role of the wall of the esophagus?
wall secretes a lubricant
38
functions of stomach
- Storage of digestive food - Mechanical breakdown of ingested food - Chemical digestion via acids and enzymes (preliminary protein digestion)
39
ingested food is then called?
chyme (viscous, acidic, soupy mixture)
40
lesser omemtum is attached to? | role?
- lesser curvature | - stabilises position of stomach
41
greater omentum is attached to? | role?
- greater curvature | - its adipose tissue protects the abdomen
42
role of lesser and greater omenta?
house (or convey) the blood vessels and nerves of the stomach
43
what makes up the small intestine?
duodenum + jejunum + ileum
44
role of small intestine
Important digestive and absorptive functions (carbohydrates, proteins, and fat) – Secretions and buffers provided by pancreas, and gall bladder (liver)
45
where does the small intestine begin and end?
Begins at pyloric sphincter (stomach/small intestine transition) and ends at Ileocecal valve (small intestine /large intestine transition )
46
where does the duodenum originate?
pyloric sphincter
47
is the duodenum retroperitoneal?
it is Retroperitoneal apart from the most | proximal part which is intraperitoneal
48
how does the duodenum connect to the liver?
by the lesser omentum
49
what is the duodenum covered in and why?
It is covered by a lining of mucous membrane which protects the epithelium from the acid chyme that comes from the stomach
50
what is the duodenum?
mixing bowl – chyme with bile & | pancreatic secretions
51
how do bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum?
via the duodenal papilla
52
Jejunum?
``` • Important digestive and absorptive functions (carbohydrates, proteins, and fat) • Intraperitoneal suspended by the mesentery proper ```
53
Ileum?
``` • Absorption of vitamin B12; salts and all products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum • Intraperitoneal suspended by the mesentery proper ```
54
where does the ileum end? role?
a sphincter, the ileocecal valve, which controls the flow of materials from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine
55
what are circular folds (plicae circulares)
- To increase surface for absorption & to slow the passage of food, all parts of the small intestine contain plicae (circulares): circular folds of the intestinal lining -Plicae are duplications of the mucous membrane - They appear in duodenum and jejunum prominently and become less common in aboral ileum
56
what are intestinal villi? role?
- finger-like projections (1mm) long - located on mucosal surface of all parts of small intestine - increase surface area of intestinal wall and contain intestinal cells
57
what are microvilli? role?
- finger-like projections of plasma membrane on apical surface of columnar epithelial cells - increase surface area for absorption and chemical digestion
58
how much do plicae, villi and microvilli increase intestinal surface area?
plicae: 3 fold villi: 30 fold microvilli: 600 fold
59
what are the four columns of the large intestine
- ascending - transverse - descending - sigmoid
60
what controls movement in the large intestine
local reflexes in the autonomic nervous system
61
what does gastroileal reflex result in?
accumulation of more chyme in the cecum and ascending colon
62
what propels fecal material towards the rectum
gastrocolic reflex controls mass movements
63
does the large intestine have villi?
no
64
in the large intestine, what absorbs nutrients not absorbed in the small intestine
simple columnar epithelial cells
65
role of goblet cells in large intestine
secrete mucin to lubricate undigested material
66
difference between muscle of internal anal sphincter and external?
internal: ring of smooth muscle External: ring of skeletal muscle

ANAT (31 decks)

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