Lab 11 - Blood Analysis Flashcards
(20 cards)
What is the technical term for the spaces located in this gel?
A) Blood Forensics
B) Bumper
C) Wells
D) Blood Distribution
C) Wells
Explanation: The indentations in the gel are called wells, which are used to load DNA samples. These are formed using a comb before the gel solidifies.
The electric charge of DNA is:
A) Neither Of These
B) Positive
C) Can Be Either
D) Negative
D) Negative
Explanation: DNA has a negatively charged phosphate backbone, which causes it to migrate toward the positive electrode during gel electrophoresis.
DNA will run in the direction of the arrow.
A) False
B) There Is No Way To Determine The Direction
C) It Depends On A Few Variables
D) True
D) True
Explanation: DNA is negatively charged and always migrates toward the positive (red) electrode when an electric field is applied. The arrow points from negative to positive, which is correct.
What is the name of this liquid being added here?
A) Plain Water
B) Liquid Nitrogen
C) Buffer
D) Antifreeze
C) Buffer
Explanation: The liquid is a buffer solution (e.g., TAE or TBE), which conducts electricity and maintains pH, both essential for DNA electrophoresis to function properly.
What is this paper representing?
A) The Negative Portion Of The Gel
B) The Positive Portion Of The Gel
C) The Lanes Of The Gel
D) Prior Notes
C) The Lanes Of The Gel
Explanation: The paper is a lane map, used to record which DNA sample is placed in each gel well. It’s essential for interpreting results after the gel run.
What is the next step after placing the pipette tip?
A) Wait 5 Minutes
B) Opening The Sample
C) None Of These
D) Close The Sample
B) Opening The Sample
Explanation: Once the pipette tip is attached, the next step is to open the DNA sample vial to draw the liquid into the pipette for loading into the gel.
You do not need to change the pipette tip for each sample.
A) True
B) Sometimes
C) False
D) Neither Of These
C) False
Explanation: A new tip must be used for each sample to prevent cross-contamination and ensure accurate, clean results.
It is important to angle the pipette when filling the well.
A) True
B) None Of These
C) It Can Vary
D) False
D) False
Explanation: You should always hold the pipette straight down at a 90° angle when loading the gel to avoid puncturing the well or misplacing the sample.
When this voltage is increased, what occurs?
A) The DNA Stands Still
B) The DNA Moves Slower
C) None Of These
D) The DNA Moves Faster
D) The DNA Moves Faster
Explanation: Increasing voltage strengthens the electric field, causing DNA to migrate faster through the gel. However, too high a voltage can lead to band distortion.
Why is this blue dye added?
A) To Stain The Surrounding Solution
B) To Stain The DNA
C) To Clear The Stain Of The DNA
D) None Of These
B) To Stain The DNA
Explanation: The blue dye binds to DNA, making it visible as bands after electrophoresis. This is essential for interpreting and analyzing the DNA fragment sizes.
If there is coagulation in well A (antigen A), that means:
A) No Determination On A
B) This Blood Is Positive For A
C) This Blood Is Positive For B
D) This Blood Is Negative For A
B) This Blood Is Positive For A
Explanation: Coagulation (clumping) in well A means that Anti-A antibodies are reacting with A antigens on red blood cells. This confirms the presence of A antigens, making the blood A-positive or A-negative, depending on Rh status.
If you added up all of the blood in your heart, arteries, and veins, about how much would you have?
A) 1 Liter
B) 5 Liters
C) 8 Liters
D) 3 Liters
B) 5 Liters
Explanation: The average adult has about 5 liters of blood circulating through their heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. This volume supports oxygen transport, nutrient delivery, and waste removal.
Blood, when settled or in a centrifuge, will become (BLANK) layers. This one indicated by the arrow is the (BLANK).
A) 2, Plasma
B) 5, Erythrocytes
C) 3, Erythrocytes
D) 3, Plasma
D) 3, Plasma
Explanation: Centrifuged blood separates into three layers: red blood cells at the bottom, the buffy coat (white blood cells + platelets) in the middle, and plasma at the top. The arrow points to the plasma, the lightest component, which makes up about 55% of blood.
Which component of blood contains white blood cells?
A) Leukocytes
B) None Of These
C) Erythrocytes
D) Plasma
A) Leukocytes
Explanation: Leukocytes is the scientific name for white blood cells, which are part of the immune system and found in the buffy coat of centrifuged blood. They fight infection and help defend the body.
Collectively, these cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) are known as:
A) Leukocytes
B) Granulocytes
C) Megalocytes
D) Monocytes
B) Granulocytes
Explanation: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all granulocytes, a subclass of white blood cells that have visible granules in their cytoplasm. These granules contain enzymes used to fight infections and respond to allergens.
Platelets are responsible for:
A) Building Macrophages
B) Forming Blood Clots
C) Building Microphages
D) Forming Red Blood Cells
B) Forming Blood Clots
Explanation: Platelets are small cell fragments that help initiate clotting when a blood vessel is injured. They form the first plug in the clotting process, preventing excessive bleeding.
Red blood cells carry (BLANK) because they contain a protein known as (BLANK).
A) Carbon Dioxide, Heterglobin
B) Water, Hemoglobin
C) Oxygen, Heterglobin
D) Oxygen, Hemoglobin
D) Oxygen, Hemoglobin
Explanation: Red blood cells transport oxygen by using hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen molecules. Hemoglobin contains iron, which allows it to effectively pick up and release oxygen throughout the body.
In humans, red blood cells lack a (BLANK).
A) Nucleus
B) None Of These
C) Hemoglobin Molecule
D) Cytoplasm
A) Nucleus
Explanation: Mature red blood cells in humans do not have a nucleus, allowing for more room to store hemoglobin. This structure maximizes their efficiency in transporting oxygen but limits their lifespan and ability to repair.
What can be considered “Biomarkers”?
A) Blood Pressure
B) Pulse
C) All Of These
D) Micro RNA
C) All Of These
Explanation: Biomarkers are any measurable indicators of biological health or disease. This includes vital signs like blood pressure and pulse, and molecular indicators like microRNA, which can reveal conditions like cancer or immune responses.
If you had one of these in your blood, chances are you are at greater risk of colorectal cancer.
A) Micro RNA 21
B) Micro RNA 23
C) None Of These
D) Micro RNA 24
A) Micro RNA 21
Explanation: MicroRNA-21 is a validated biomarker for colorectal cancer. Elevated levels in the bloodstream are often associated with the presence of tumors, making it useful for early detection and prognosis assessment.
