Lab 3 - Nerve Impulses Flashcards
(20 cards)
What type of muscle cells are these as being shown by the arrow?
A) None of these
B) Skeletal
C) Smooth
D) Cardiac
B) Skeletal
This conclusion is based on the context of the diagram showing a voluntary motor response (the girl pulling her hand away from a hot stove), which involves skeletal muscles controlled by motor neurons.
To what type of cells is this arrow pointing?
A) Motor neuron
B) None of these
C) Sensory neuron
D) Interneuron
A) Motor neuron
This is evident because:
- The neuron is located at the end of the neural pathway.
- It connects to the skeletal muscle, which performs the response action.
- Motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to the muscles.
To what type of cells is this arrow pointing?
A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) None of these
D) Interneuron
A) Sensory neuron
The arrow in the image is pointing to a sensory neuron.
This is confirmed by:
- Its location in the skin, where sensory receptors detect external stimuli such as heat.
- It is the first neuron in the reflex arc, sending information toward the central nervous system.
How do neurons transmit information?
A) Through changes in the electrical potential of the mitochondria
B) Through changes in the electrical potential of the membrane
C) Through changes in the electrical potential of the nucleus
D) Through changes in the electrical potential of the atoms
B) Through changes in the electrical potential of the membrane
Neurons transmit information through changes in the electrical potential of the membrane.
This image shows ion channels and pumps in the neuronal membrane, where the movement of ions like Na⁺ (sodium) and K⁺ (potassium) alters the membrane’s voltage, initiating and propagating electrical impulses.
The resting potential of a membrane of a neuron is established by:
A) The unequal distribution of Potassium and Calcium ions
B) The equal distribution of Potassium and Sodium ions
C) The equal distribution of Potassium and Calcium ions
D) The unequal distribution of Potassium and Sodium ions
D) The unequal distribution of Potassium and Sodium ions
The resting potential of a neuron’s membrane is established by the unequal distribution of Potassium (K⁺) and Sodium (Na⁺) ions.
This is clearly represented in the image:
- Sodium ions (Na⁺) are more concentrated outside the membrane.
- Potassium ions (K⁺) are more concentrated inside.
- This ion gradient, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, creates the electrical charge difference.
The arrows are indicating which structures?
A) Nuclei
B) Cell bodies
C) Mitochondria
D) Dendrites
D) Dendrites
The arrows in the image are pointing to dendrites.
Dendrites are the branch-like extensions from the neuron’s cell body that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body.
Multiple action potentials will combine at the axon hillock in a process known as:
A) Autolysis
B) Ciliation
C) Summation
D) Autophagy
C) Summation
Multiple action potentials combine at the axon hillock in a process known as summation.
This is where the neuron integrates all incoming signals to determine whether the threshold for firing an action potential is reached.
Action potentials can maintain their amplitude and strength down the length of the (BLANK).
A) Membrane
B) Axon
C) Cell
D) Channel
B) Axon
Action potentials can maintain their amplitude and strength down the length of the axon.
The axon is the long projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body.
What is the term to which these arrows are referring?
A) Potentials
B) Actions
C) Polarization
D) Depolarization
D) Depolarization
The arrows in the image are pointing to the phase of the action potential where the membrane voltage is rapidly rising due to influx of sodium ions (Na⁺).
This phase is called depolarization.
What is this region known as?
A) Synaptic junction
B) None of these
C) Synaptic cleft
D) Synaptic space
C) Synaptic cleft
The region indicated by the arrow is known as the synaptic cleft.
This is the small gap between the presynaptic neuron (releasing neurotransmitters) and the postsynaptic cell (receiving the signal).
What are these structures known as?
A) Membranes
B) Axons
C) Cells
D) Neurotransmitters
D) Neurotransmitters
In the context of the video, when describing chemical synapses, the “structures” released into the synaptic cleft and that dock with receptors on the postsynaptic side are neurotransmitters—chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons.
What is the terms used for this region?
A) Subcutaneous fascia
B) Gap region
C) Synaptic cleft
D) Synaptic space
C) Synaptic cleft
The image shows the small space between the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron (top) and the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane (bottom). This space is called the synaptic cleft, and it’s where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals between neurons.
This arrow is pointing to what process?
A) Neurotransmitting
B) Action potential
C) Synapse
D) Receptors
B) Action potential
The arrow is pointing to the process where an action potential travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron. This electrical impulse is the signal that triggers the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels, leading to neurotransmitter release across the synapse.
What is the term given to these as indicated by the green arrow?
A) Postsynaptic vesicles
B) None of these
C) Synaptic vesicles
D) Presynaptic vesicles
D) Presynaptic vesicles
The green arrow is pointing to vesicles located in the presynaptic terminal, which contain neurotransmitters. These are accurately referred to as presynaptic vesicles, since they reside in the presynaptic neuron and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission.
This (BLANK) causes (BLANK).
A) Fepolarization, action potential
B) Action potential, depolarization
C) Action potential, neurotransmitting
D) Dendrite, action potentials
B) Action potential, depolarization
An action potential traveling down the axon triggers depolarization of the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization is what opens voltage-gated calcium channels, initiating the neurotransmitter release process.
What is the name given to these structures as indicated by the arrow?
A) Microglia
B) Neurotransmitters
C) Receptors
D) Docking proteins
D) Docking proteins
The structures indicated by the arrow are located on the inner surface of the presynaptic terminal and are involved in anchoring and facilitating the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. These are known as docking proteins, which play a crucial role in the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
What is the sequence of events that is occurring during this reaction?
A) depolarization, dock to chemical on the surface of vesicles, vesicles merge and dump neurotransmitters, action potential, open voltage gated channels
B) depolarization, open voltage gated channels, dock to chemical on the surface of vesicles, vesicles merge and dump neurotransmitters, action potential
C) action potential, depolarization, open voltage gated channels, vesicles merge and dump neurotransmitters, dock to chemical on the surface of vesicles
D) action potential, depolarization, open voltage gated channels, dock to chemical on the surface of vesicles, vesicles merge and dump neurotransmitters.
D) action potential, depolarization, open voltage gated channels, dock to chemical on the surface of vesicles, vesicles merge and dump neurotransmitters.
This image illustrates the final steps of synaptic transmission, showing:
1. An action potential arrives.
2. This causes depolarization of the presynaptic membrane.
3. Voltage-gated calcium channels open.
4. Calcium ions enter and bind to docking proteins on vesicles.
5. Vesicles merge with the membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
Which type of channel is this one indicated by the arrow?
A) Chemically-gated
B) None of these
C) Leak
D) Voltage-gated
A) Chemically-gated
The purple channel indicated by the arrow is a chemically-gated channel (also known as a ligand-gated channel). These channels open in response to a neurotransmitter or other chemical binding to them, allowing ions to pass through the membrane. This is distinct from voltage-gated or leak channels.
What type of message are these as shown by the arrows?
A) Neither of these
B) Inhibitory
C) Excitatory
D) Both of these
C) Excitatory
The green signals indicated by the arrows represent excitatory messages. These signals move the membrane potential closer to the threshold for firing an action potential, often by allowing sodium (Na⁺) to enter the neuron, leading to depolarization.
During memory, the cell will (BLANK) more of these (BLANK) proteins.
A) Destroy, inhibitor
B) Build, receptor
C) Remove, receptor
D) Build, inhibitor
B) Build, receptor
During memory formation, particularly through long-term potentiation, the postsynaptic cell will build more receptor proteins. This increases the cell’s sensitivity to neurotransmitters, strengthening the synaptic connection and supporting the encoding of memory.
