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Exits > Large Animal > Flashcards

Large Animal Flashcards

1
Q

What is a male donkey called?

A

jack

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2
Q

What is a female donkey called?

A

jenny or jennet

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3
Q

What are donkeys bred and used for?

A

mostly bred and used for packing/work or pets

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4
Q

What is a mule?

A

a cross between a female horse and a male donkey

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5
Q

What is a hinny?

A

cross between a male horse and a female donkey

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6
Q

What is a cross between a male horse and a female donkey called?

A

hinny

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7
Q

What is a cross between a female horse and a male donkey?

A

mule

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8
Q

What is a male mule called?

A

john mule

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9
Q

What is a female mule called?

A

molly

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do horses have?

A

64

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do donkeys have?

A

62

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12
Q

How many chromosomes do mules have?

A

63

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13
Q

What is the true knee in a horse?

A

stifle

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14
Q

Define gait.

A

an equine’s way of going or moving its legs during movement

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15
Q

Define beat.

A

the time a foot or two feet simultaneously hit the gruound

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16
Q

Define step.

A

the distance between the imprints of the two front legs or the two hind legs

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17
Q

Define stride.

A

the distance between successive imprints of the same foot

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18
Q

Define directness.

A

trueness is the line in which the foot is carried forward during the stride

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19
Q

Define spring.

A

the manner in which weight settles back on the supporting leg at the completion of the stride

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20
Q

Define balance.

A

the ability of the equine to coordinate action, go composed and in form

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21
Q

How many phases does a stride have?

A

2

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22
Q

What are the two phases of a stride?

A
  1. stride stance is the weight bearing phase

2. stride suspension or swing is the non-weight bearing phase

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23
Q

What is the speed of a horse affected by?

A

length of stride, rapidity or frequency of stride and overlap time

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24
Q

What is overlap time?

A

the time on the ground versus the time off the ground

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25
Q

What is the walk in a horse?

A

a slow, even, four-beat gait

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26
Q

What is the sequence of the walk?

A

left hind, left fore, right hind, right fore

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27
Q

What is the trot in a horse?

A

two-beat gait where the diagonal fore and hind legs act together

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28
Q

In the trot, there’s a period of suspension when what?

A

all four feet are off the ground occurs between each beat

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29
Q

What is the canter in a horse?

A

a 3-beat collected gait where the equine carries more weight on its haunches or rear quarter

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30
Q

What is the sequence of a canter?

A

right rear hoof, then left rear and right front striking the ground togehter, and then left front hoof

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31
Q

What is the gallop in a horse?

A

fast, four-beat gait

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32
Q

What is the sequence of a gallop?

A

one hind foot, then the other hind foot, then the diagonal forefoot followed by the remaining forefoot

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33
Q

Is there a period of suspension in the gallop?

A

yes

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34
Q

What is the pace in a horse?

A

a two-beat, lateral gait used for speed

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35
Q

What is the stepping pace in a horse?

A

a show gait that uses a lateral, four-beat gait where the front food on the right is followed by the hind foot on the right

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36
Q

What is the rack in a horse?

A

an even, fast four-beat lateral gait

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37
Q

What is the rack hard on a horse?

A

hard on the forelegs due to increased amount of concussion from the excessive leg movement

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38
Q

What is the running walk in a horse?

A

fast walk of a Tennessee walking horse, where the horse travels with a gliding motion as a result of extending its hind leg forward to overstep the forefoot print

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39
Q

What are the two groups of cattle?

A

Bos Indicus and Bos Taurus

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40
Q

Describe Bos Indicus cattle.

A

heat tolerant, increased parasite and disease tolerance, improved production in subtropical climates, american influenced

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41
Q

Describe Bos Taurus cattle.

A

Maternal and/or terminal breeds, european/british, positive carcass traits (marbling, tenderness, yield), excellent production in temperate climates

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42
Q

What are some examples of British breeds?

A

Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, Shorthorn, Red Angus

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43
Q

Where did the Angus originate from?

A

Scotland

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44
Q

What color are Angus cattle?

A

solid black

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45
Q

What are Angus cattle known for/

A

good marbling

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46
Q

What cow breeds are naturally polled?

A

Angus, Polled Hereford

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47
Q

Where did the Hereford originate?

A

Hereford, England

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48
Q

Are Herefords horned?

A

yes

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49
Q

What is the coloring of the Hereford?

A

red with white head, legs, and underline

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50
Q

What breed of cattle is known as the “mothering” breed?

A

Hereford

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51
Q

Are Herefords early maturing?

A

yes

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52
Q

Where did the polled Hereford originate?

A

Iowa, by Warren Gammon

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53
Q

Where did Shorthorns originate?

A

England

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54
Q

What color are Shorthorn cattle?

A

red, red and white, or roan in color

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55
Q

What were Shorthorns originally used for?

A

as a dual purpose breed for meat and milk

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56
Q

What are Shorthorns sometimes also called?

A

Durham breed

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57
Q

Where did the Red Angus originate?

A

the British Isles

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58
Q

What breed is barred from the Angus herdbook?

A

Red Angus

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59
Q

Are red Angus a separate breed?

A

yes

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60
Q

What are examples of exotic (european/continental) breeds?

A

Maine-Anjou, Simmental, Limousin, Charolais, Chianana

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61
Q

Where did the Maine Anjou originate?

A

France

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62
Q

What coloring is the Maine-Anjou cattle?

A

dark red with white markings or black

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63
Q

How were the Maine Anjou cattle developed?

A

by crossing the Mancelle breed with the Shorthorn breed

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64
Q

Where did Simmental cattle originate?

A

Switzerland

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65
Q

What is the oldest breed of cattle in the world?

A

Simmental

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66
Q

When were Simmentals brought to the United States?

A

1971

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67
Q

What color are Simmental cattle?

A

orange/yellow and white to black in color

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68
Q

Where are Limousin cattle native to?

A

South-Central France

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69
Q

What color are Limousin cattle?

A

golden red to red brown in color

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70
Q

Where did Charolais cattle originate?

A

France

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71
Q

What do Charolais cattle look like?

A

white in color, long bodied, large, heavily muscled, coarse looking

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72
Q

What are examples of American breeds?

A

Brahman, Brangus, Santa Gertrudis, Simbrah, Beefmaster

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73
Q

Where did Brahman cattle originate?

A

India

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74
Q

Which breed of cattle has excess skin and large hump on back?

A

Brahman

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75
Q

What color are Brahman cattle?

A

white to gray, red to black

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76
Q

What breed of cattle are able to survive on very little and poor feed, and insect and heat resistant.

A

Brahman

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77
Q

What kind of cattle has sweat glands?

A

Brahman

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78
Q

Where were the Santa Gertrudis cattle developed?

A

King ranch in Texas

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79
Q

All Santa Gertrudis are descendants of what bull?

A

Monkey

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80
Q

How were Santa Gertrudis cattle created?

A

by crossing shorthorn cows and Brahman bulls

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81
Q

What percentage Brahman and Shorthorn are Santa Gertrudis?

A

3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Shorthorn

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82
Q

Where did Brangus cattle originate?

A

the United States

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83
Q

What percentage Brahman and Angus are Brangus?

A

3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus

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84
Q

What color are Brangus cattle?

A

black

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85
Q

Are Brangus polled?

A

yes

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86
Q

Where were Simbrah cattle originated?

A

United States

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87
Q

What breeds were used in creating the Simbrah cattle?

A

Brahman and Simmental

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88
Q

What percentage Brahman and Simmental are Simbrah?

A

3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Simmental

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89
Q

What color are Simbrah cattle?

A

light to dark red with some white marks

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90
Q

Where was the Beefmaster originated?

A

United States

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91
Q

What breeds of cattle make up the Beefmaster?

A

Brahman, Hereford, Shorthorn

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92
Q

What percentage Brahman and Hereford and Shorthorn are Beefmasters?

A

1/2 Brahman, 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Shorthorn

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93
Q

Cash receipts from beef products account for nearly ___ of all agricultural receipts.

A

19%

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94
Q

Cortez brought cattle to Mexico when?

A

1519

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95
Q

Who brought the first cattle to the Western Hemisphere in 1493?

A

Christopher Columbus

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96
Q

With a general physical exam, a systematic method is what?

A

essential for ensuring a complete examination

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97
Q

In horses, why would you palpate the intramandibular space?

A

submandibular lymphadenopathy

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98
Q

In horses, the retropharyngeal lymph nodes are not readily ____ in the normal animal but may be if ____.

A

readily, enlarged

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99
Q

In horses, where is the facial artery palpated?

A

the ventral aspect of the mandible

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100
Q

What is frequently palpable in older horses and should not be confused for a lymph node?

A

thyroid gland

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101
Q

Can all 4 heart sounds be heard in horses?

A

in many horses

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102
Q

What is the normal resting heart rate of a horse?

A

28-42 bpm

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103
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate in an adult horse?

A

8-16 breaths/minutes

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104
Q

In horses, why is a gastrointestinal physical exam usually done?

A

in cases of suspected colic

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105
Q

What does colic mean?

A

abdominal pain

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106
Q

Borborgymus is a good indication of what?

A

gastrointestinal motility

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107
Q

What is the most advantageous gait for a lameness exam?

A

the trot

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108
Q

What is grade one lameness?

A

lameness isn’t recognizable at the walk, but is evident at the trot

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109
Q

What is grade 2 lameness?

A

lameness is barely perceptible in the walk, very apparent at the trot

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110
Q

What is grade 3 lameness?

A

lameness apparent at both the walk and the trot

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111
Q

What is grade 4 lameness?

A

horse will not place the foot completely flat during weight bearing

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112
Q

What is grade 5 lameness?

A

nonweight-bearing lameness

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113
Q

With a lame horse, when does the head bob up?

A

when the horse is stepping on the unsound leg/hoof

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114
Q

Where is a palmar digital nerve block done?

A

pastern joint or below

115
Q

What does a palmar digital nerve block block?

A

palmar/plantar and distal parts of the hoof, P3, termination of the deep digital flexor and most of the coffin joint

116
Q

Where is an abaxial sesamoid block done?

A

on the abaxial surface of the base of the proximal sesamoids

117
Q

What does an abaxial sesamoid block block?

A

the entire digit distal to the fetlock except some areas of skin

118
Q

Where is a low palmar/planter block done?

A

the distal ends of the metacarpal bones

119
Q

What does a low palmar/plantar block block?

A

fetlock joint, sesamoids, sesamoid ligaments

120
Q

Where is a high palmar/plantar block done?

A

the proximal metacarpal region, just distal to the carpus/tarsus

121
Q

What does a high palmar/plantar block block?

A

the entire digit and most of the palmar/plantar side of the metacarpal bones

122
Q

Where is a peroneal and tibial nerve block is proximal to the hock?

A

10cm proximal to the top of the tuber calcis on the medial aspect and about 10 cm proximal to the lateral malleolus for the superficial and deep peroneal nerves

123
Q

What does a peroneal and tibial nerve block block?

A

blocks deep sensation from the hock and structures distal to it

124
Q

Where are intraarticular blocks done?

A

most any joints

125
Q

What kind of injections can you give to horses?

A

IM or IV

126
Q

The walk is a __ beat gait.

A

4

127
Q

What is a mare?

A

adult female horse

128
Q

What is a gelding?

A

castrated adult male horse

129
Q

What is a stallion?

A

castrated adult male horse

130
Q

What is a pony?

A

a full-grown small horse (14.2 hands and under)

131
Q

How old is an adult considered in horses?

A

3

132
Q

What is a foal?

A

a newborn baby horse (before weaning!)

133
Q

What is a weanling?

A

a colt/filly that is 6-12 months old

134
Q

What is a yearling?

A

a horse between 1 and 2 years old

135
Q

What is a colt?

A

male horse under 3

136
Q

What is a filly?

A

female horse under 3

137
Q

Define conformation.

A

the shape of a horse’s body

138
Q

Define lunge line.

A

a very long rein (20-40 feet) used to lunge a horse

139
Q

Arabians were developed by who?

A

Bedouin tribes in Arab countries over thousands of years

140
Q

What was the purpose of Arabians?

A

transportation over long distances and war

141
Q

What breed of horse is a foundation breed to nearly every breed known today?

A

Arabian

142
Q

What is the temperament of an Arabian?

A

sensitive, highly intelligent, often “high strung”

143
Q

What is the average size of an Arabian?

A

14.2-15.2 hands, small, 800-1000

144
Q

Where did American Mustangs originate from?

A

Spanish Andalusians brought over by Spanish explorers

145
Q

There were no horses on the US continents prior to what?

A

the Spanish exploration

146
Q

Kiger Mustangs are one of the purest bloodlines from what?

A

the original spanish horses

147
Q

What breed is protected by the Bureau of Land Management?

A

American Mustang

148
Q

What breed are very hardy horses with great stamina and sound legs and feet?

A

American Mustang

149
Q

What did American Quarter Horses originate from?

A

Spanish Mustang, Thoroughbred racing stock and some draft horses

150
Q

What was the original purpose of the AQH?

A

originally bred to race a 1/4 mile. length of most small American towns in the late 1800s. “cow pony” and herding

151
Q

What are the temperaments of the AQH?

A

intelligent but generally quiet, gentle, easily trained

152
Q

What breed of horse is known for being “stocky” and heavily muscled?

A

AQH

153
Q

Appaloosa were developed by what?

A

the Nez Perce Indian tribe which leave near the Palouse river in Idago

154
Q

How were Appaloosa’s developed?

A

through careful and selective breeding

155
Q

What were the original purpose of Appaloosas?

A

buffalo hunting, horses had to be swift and courageous

156
Q

When were Appaloosa herds dispersed?

A

after the Nez Perce War of 1877

157
Q

What are examples of Appaloosas?

A

spotted coat pattern, mottled skin, white sclera around the eye, striped hooves, short tails

158
Q

What is the second largest breed registry in the USA?

A

American Paint Horse

159
Q

What horse breed is the breed that Cortes brought to America?

A

Andalusian

160
Q

What breed is the preferred horse for nobility and war in the Middle Ages?

A

Andalusian

161
Q

Where did Andalusians descend from?

A

the Spanish Barn

162
Q

What are ancestors of the Belgian?

A

Suffolk Punch, Clydesdale, Shire

163
Q

Where were Clydesdales developed?

A

England

164
Q

Where were miniature horses first developed?

A

in Europe in the 1600s

165
Q

What breed is recognized as America’s first horse breed?

A

Morgan

166
Q

What breed of horse is known as the preferred breed of American calvalry?

A

Morgan

167
Q

What horse breed was bred by Spanish conquistadors and early Spanish plantation owners in the Caribbean and Latin America?

A

Paso Fino

168
Q

What are the three special gaits of a Paso Fino?

A

Classic Fino, Paso Corto, Paso Largo

169
Q

What should you do with cows before breeding?

A

vaccines, deworming, general care

170
Q

What should you do with bulls before breeding?

A

BSE, trim feet, vaccinations, BVD testing

171
Q

How can you test cattle for BVD?

A

ear notch, serum

172
Q

What are the three main reasons we study animal reproduction?

A

increase income because we have more offspring, make genetic improvements, identify reproductive problems

173
Q

What do testicles do?

A

produce sperm and the hormone testosterone

174
Q

What does the scrotum do?

A

holds testicles, regulates temperature, as sperm must be before body temperature

175
Q

What do the epididymis do?

A

stores sperm until use

176
Q

What does the vas deferens do?

A

connection tube

177
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

carries sperm and urine to the penis

178
Q

What do the seminal vesicles do?

A

fluid to protect the sperm

179
Q

What does the prostate gland?

A

milky fluid to nourish sperm

180
Q

What does the cowper’s gland do?

A

fluid cleans urine out of penic

181
Q

What does the sigmoid flexure do?

A

muscle extends penis out of the body

182
Q

What does the retractor muscle do?

A

pulls penis back into the body

183
Q

What does the penis do?

A

deposits semen into female and excretes urine

184
Q

What is the sheath/prepuse?

A

external skin which protects the penis

185
Q

What causes ejaculation in the bull?

A

temperature

186
Q

What causes ejaculation in the boar?

A

pressure

187
Q

What causes ejaculation in the stallion?

A

nerves

188
Q

What does the hormone GnRH do?

A

controls pituitary gland

189
Q

What does the hormone LH do in males?

A

produces testosterone

190
Q

What does the hormone FSH-1 do?

A

it’s needed to produce sperm

191
Q

What does the ovary do?

A

produces eggs and hormones

192
Q

What does the infundibulum do?

A

catches eggs after burst from ovary

193
Q

What does the oviduct do?

A

narrow passage for egg, site of fertilization

194
Q

What does the uterine horn do?

A

for litter bearing animals to develop

195
Q

What is the uterus used for?

A

development of fetus

196
Q

What is the cervix?

A

a muscle which locks down the uterus

197
Q

What is the vagina?

A

site of copulation in most animals

198
Q

What does the clitoris do?

A

stimulates reproductive tract causing waves during mating

199
Q

What is the vulva?

A

external opening of vagina

200
Q

What is the urethra?

A

carries urine

201
Q

In females, what does the hormone GnRH do?

A

triggers LH and FSH hormones to get to work

202
Q

In females, what does the hormone FSH do?

A

develops follicle

203
Q

In females, what does the hormone estrogen do?

A

produced by follicle and starts heat period

204
Q

In females, what does the hormone LH do?

A

bursts follicle from ovary

205
Q

In females, what does the hormone progesterone do?

A

blocks FSH and LH

206
Q

In females, what does the hormone prostaglandin do?

A

causes GnRH to get to work

207
Q

Put the following steps of the hormone cycle in the correct order.
A. FSH develops the follicle
B. Progesterone blocks FSH and LH
C. Prostaglandin ends progesterone production
D. GnRH starts FSH and LH production
E. Estrogen starts heat
F. LH ruptures egg from ovary

A 
D. GnRH starts FSH and LH production
A. FSH develops the follicle
E. Estrogen starts heat
F. LH ruptures egg from ovary
B. Progesterone blocks FSH and LH
C. Prostaglandin ends progesterone production
208
Q

What is the gestation length of a cow?

A

281 days

209
Q

What is the gestation length of a horse?

A

345 days

210
Q

What is the gestation length of a sheep?

A

147 days

211
Q

What is the gestation length of a pig?

A

114 days

212
Q

What are common sheep breeds?

A

Hampshire, Suffolk, Rambouillet, Corriedale

213
Q

How do you BCS a sheep?

A

palpate dorsal spinous process and ribs. amount of fat present determines BCS

214
Q

What is the average length of the estrous cycle in sheep?

A

17 days

215
Q

What is the length of estrus in sheep?

A

24-36 hours

216
Q

Sheep are what kind of breeders?

A

short day

217
Q

What is the gestation range in sheep?

A

142-152 days

218
Q

What is the average gestation length in sheep?

A

147 days

219
Q

What do you breed sheep in the fall?

A

so you can have lambs in he spring

220
Q

What does breeding sheep outside of normal season require?

A

hormonal controls, Melatonin or light control

221
Q

How long is the dilation of cervix in sheep?

A

3-4 hours

222
Q

If labor takes over an hour for mature eyes or 2 hours for ewe lambs, what may be happening?

A

dystocia

223
Q

What are common complications with newborn sheep?

A

hypothermia, starvation, scours, pneumonia, predation

224
Q

What is the most common method of castrating sheep?

A

banding

225
Q

What length and size of needle should be used to vaccinate sheep?

A

1/2 to 3/4 long needle, and 18-20 gauge needle

226
Q

Where can you give SQ vaccines in sheep?

A

over the ribs, behind the armpit, high up on the neck

227
Q

What is the gestation length of a goat?

A

148-152 days

228
Q

Which scenario constitutes an emergency:

A) a uterine prolapse
B) a labor greater than 6 hours (with active pushing)
C) multiple dead animals
D) all of the above

A

all of the above

229
Q

T/F. A horse that is non-weight bearing on one leg is an emergency.

A

true

230
Q

What are the primary hormones produced by the ovary?

A

estrogen and progesterone

231
Q

Define boar.

A

intact male

232
Q

Define barrow.

A

castrated male

233
Q

Define sow.

A

female that has given birth

234
Q

Define gilt.

A

female that has not given birth

235
Q

What is the most common breed of swine?

A

Yorkshire

236
Q

What color are Yorkshire pigs?

A

all white

237
Q

What is the 2nd most common breed of swine?

A

Duroc

238
Q

What do Durocs look like?

A

dark red to golden color, droopy ears

239
Q

What do Hampshire swine look like?

A

black w/ white belt, erect ears

240
Q

What do Landrace swine lok like?

A

white color, droopy ears, long bodies, produce larger litters

241
Q

What are the 3 types of swine production facilities?

A

farrow-to-finish, feeder pig producers, feeder pig finishers

242
Q

Who is the largest importer of US pork?

A

Mexico

243
Q

What is the gestation period of swine?

A

115 days

244
Q

When do you usually wean pigs?

A

4 weeks

245
Q

What’s the average size of a pig litter?

A

9-10 piglets

246
Q

Why are farrowing crates used?

A

prevent sow from crushing piglets, piglets can get out of her way

247
Q

Where would you place an IV catheter in a pig?

A

ear vein

248
Q

In the pig, what vein do you have to incise skin to locate?

A

lateral saphenous

249
Q

What does PSS stand for?

A

Porcine Stress Syndrome

250
Q

What is the average gestation in cattle?

A

285 days

251
Q

How long is estrus in cattle?

A

18 hours

252
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in cattle?

A

21 days

253
Q

What is the average gestation in horses?

A

335 days

254
Q

How long is estrus in horses?

A

6 hrs

255
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in horses?

A

21 days

256
Q

What is the average gestation in ovines?

A

150 days

257
Q

How long is estrus in ovine?

A

33 hrs

258
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in ovine?

A

16 days

259
Q

what is the average gestation in caprines?

A

150 days

260
Q

How long is estrus in caprines?

A

30 hours

261
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in caprines?

A

20 days

262
Q

What is the average gestation in porcines?

A

115 days

263
Q

How long is estrus in porcines?

A

2.5 hours

264
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in porcines?

A

21 days

265
Q

What are the top 5 states for the beef industry?

A

Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, California, Oklahoma

266
Q

Dairy bulls are much more aggressive than what?

A

typical beef breed bulls

267
Q

What state ranks #1 in the dairy industry?

A

california

268
Q

How many chromosomes do sheep have?

A

54

269
Q

How many chromosomes do goats have?

A

60

270
Q

Goat tails go ___.

A

up

271
Q

Sheep tails go ___.

A

down

272
Q

Define ram.

A

intact male

273
Q

Define ewe.

A

female

274
Q

Define wether.

A

castrated male

275
Q

Define buck/billy.

A

intact male

276
Q

BRSV pulls in a lot of fluids resulting in what?

A

hypoxia

277
Q

What factors affect the ability to immunize?

A

vaccine factors, host factors, human factors, disease

278
Q

Implants re-allocate what?

A

nitrogen sources to muscle

279
Q

What do llama ears look like?

A

bananas

280
Q

Do llamas or alpacas have smaller ears?

A

alpacas

281
Q

How do you measure net calf crop?

A

of calves weaned / # of cows in breeding herd

282
Q

What are the 3 main reasons we study reproduction?

A

increase income, make genetic improvement, identify problems

283
Q

What is bloat in cattle?

A

accumulation of gas within the rumen

284
Q

What are the two types of bloat?

A

frothy and free-gas

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