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Developmental Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Flashcards in Learning Deck (20)
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1
Q

What is learning

A

change in behaviour due to experience

2
Q

3 examples of social learning

A
  1. imitation
  2. mimicry
  3. emulation
3
Q

4 examples of non social learning

A
  1. habituation
  2. conditioning
  3. rational learning
  4. statistical learning
4
Q

What is habituation

A

reduction of reaction to a repeated stimulus

5
Q

What is dishabituation

A

increase in response when stimulus changes
2 types - 1. linear - the greater the difference in stimulus the greater the response
2. categorical - failure to discriminate between the habituated stimulus and a similar stimulus

6
Q

What did Vouloumanos& Werker (2007) do and find to do with habituation

A

infants alternatively presented with speech and non speech sounds. sucked more to listen to speech compared with non speech

7
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

earning a new behaviour via the process of association. two stimuli are paired together to produce a newly learned response

8
Q

What did Fifer et al (2010) do and find to do with classical conditioning

A

attached an EEG to the infant while asleep. presented with a tone and then a puff of air on to the eyes. learned to associate the tone with the puff of air while asleep. an eye response was conditioned

9
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

modify behaviour through the use of positive and negative reinforcement.

10
Q

What is the still face experiment

A

mother does not react to baby and shows no emotion. when baby points mother does not look etc. baby becomes agitated. Babies of depressed mothers have less of a reaction

11
Q

What is statistical learning

A

extract statistical regularities from the world around them to learn about the environment

12
Q

What did Kirkham et al. (2002) do and find to do with statistical learning

A

habituated infants to a sequence of visual stimuli. then shown novel sequences. infants looked longer when the novel stimulus appeared compared to the habituated sequence

13
Q

What is rational learning

A

Integrating the learner’s prior beliefs and biases with what actually occurs in the environment

14
Q

What is rational constructivism

A

When infants are given prior constraints, they can integrate them into beliefs they already have. This can be used to make predictions and guide actions.

15
Q

What did Xu & Garcia (2008) do and find to do with rational learning

A

infants shown balls being taken out of a box. 4 were the red and one white. infants were then shown a probable outcome, where more of the balls were red and the improbable outcome where more balls were white. looked longer at the improbable outcome

16
Q

What is imitation

A

Recognition and reproduction of the goal of the observed behaviour, as well as the specific actions that brought about that goal

17
Q

What did Meltzoff& Moore (1977) do and find about early imitation

A

less than 3 days old. infants imitated facial gestures such as sticking tongue out and opening mouth

18
Q

What is emulation

A

learning about the environment

19
Q

What did Horner & Whiten (2005) find to do with emulation

A

Children copied both relevant & irrelevant actions, even when clear - overimitation

20
Q

What is mimickry

A

replication of a model’s actions in the absence of any insight into why those actions are effective, or even what goal they served