LEC 15 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the blood banking stain
A
Sudan black b
2
Q
are granulocytes pos or neg when stained with specific esterase
A
pos
3
Q
what is myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Sudan black b used for
A
differentiating the blast of AML from ALL
4
Q
leukemic myeloblast are ___ for myeloperoxidase (MPO)
A
pos
5
Q
what stains strongly MPO pos in leukemic blasts
A
auer rods
6
Q
lymphoblast in ALL and lymphoid cells are MPO ___
A
neg
7
Q
what part of the cell does Sudan black b (SBB) stain
A
lipids
8
Q
is MPO or SBB more sensitive
A
SBB
9
Q
SBB: granulocytes ___, monocytes ___ , and lymphoid cells ___
A
neg, neg to weak pos, and neg
10
Q
what are esterase stains used for
A
distinguishing acute leukemias that are granulocytic from leukemias that originate from monocytes
11
Q
naphthol AS-D chloroacetate: granulocytic cells ___ and monocytic cells ___
A
pos, neg to weak
12
Q
esterases: leukemic myeloblast ___ and auer rods ___
A
pos, pos
13
Q
alpha- Naphthyl acetate: monocytes ___ and lymphoid and granulocytes ____
A
pos, neg
14
Q
what is added to alpha-naphthol acetate in a pos monocyte reaction to inhibit it
A
sodium fluoride
15
Q
what is the use for acid phosphatase
A
diagnose T cell ALL and hairy cell leukemia
16
Q
what stain confirms hairy cell leukemia
A
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
17
Q
what does periodic acid Schiff reaction stain
A
glycogen in all hematopoietic cells
18
Q
what does periodic acid Schiff reaction stain ID in AML and MDS (amyloid dysplastic syndrome)
A
erythroblast and dysplastic megakaryocytes
19
Q
how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have
A
23
20
Q
what mitogen stimulates lymphocytes
A
PHA
21
Q
what agent is added to halt cell division in cytogenetics
A
colcemid
22
Q
what agent is added to spread chromosomes apart in cytogenetics
A
KCL
23
Q
during what phase of cell division are chromosomes squashed
A
metaphase
24
Q
what stain is used for chromosomes in cytogenetics
A
DNA-binding dyes
25
what kind of patterns help ID chromosomes
banding
26
def? abnormal amount of chromosomes such as having an single extra chromosome or missing one
aneuploidy
27
def? more than 2 sets of chromosomes (all chromosomes are affected)
polyploidy
28
what kind of chromosome abnormality causes Klinefelter syndrome
aneuploidy
29
def? one chromosome is absent
monosomy
30
def? one chromosome extra
trisomy
31
monosomy and trisomy are examples of what kind of chromosome abnormality
aneuploidy
32
def? 2 chromosomes join long arms or exchange parts
translocation
33
def? segment of chromosome is reversed
inversion
34
def? a chromosome with identical arms
isochromosome
35
def? a chromosome that forms a ring due to deletion in telomeres, which cause ends to adhere
ring chromosome
36
what causes chronic myelogenous leukemia
Spontaneous chromosome mutation
37
what molecular technique amplifies a short piece of DNA multiple times
PCR
38
T or F: dead cells can be used in PCR
T
39
what enzyme do dead cells release
proteinases
40
what catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components.
ribonuclease
41
is PCR qualitative or quantitative
quantitative
42
what kind of PCR: amplify DNA from a small amount of DNA template
PCR
43
what kind of PCR: uses reverse transcription to produce a DNA template from an RNA source that can then be amplified.
reverse transcription PCR
44
def? small number of cancer cells in the body after cancer treatment
minimal residual disease
45
what test is more specific for detecting minimal residual disease
molecular methods
46
what type of leukemia has a rapid trend
acute
47
what type of leukemia has an accumulation of blast
acute
48
what type of leukemia has a problem at the primitive level
acute
49
what type of leukemia has an accumulation of mature cells
chronic
50
can the mature cells in chronic leukemia function
no
51
what type of leukemia has a slow trend
chronic
52
what is the common childhood leukemia
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
53
do kids or adults have a better response to therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
kids
54
what type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is more common
B cell ALL
55
what type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly
B cell ALL
56
what type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has a large mass in the mediastinum
T cell ALL
57
what kind of prognosis does b lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2);BCR-ABL1 have
very bad!
58
who is likely to get lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2);BCR-ABL1
adults
59
who is likely to get lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with t(v;11q23.3);KMT2A (MLL)
very young infants
60
when does lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with t(v;11q23.3);KMT2A (MLL) translocation occur
in utero
61
b lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with hypodiploidy prognosis
poor in both kids and adults
62
what kind of ALL: small blast with thin rim of cytoplasm, blast are all the same size
Pre B ALL (L1)
63
what kind of ALL: irregular clefts of nucleus
T cell ALL (L2)
64
what kind of ALL: blast have vacuolations
burkett lymphoma- mature B cell ALL (L3)
65
what is the immunophenotype of early (pro/pre-pre) B-ALL
CD34, CD19, cytoplasmic CD22, and TdT
66
what is the immunophenotype of intermediate (common) B-ALL
CD34, CD19, CD10, cytoplasmic CD22, and TdT
67
what is the immunophenotype of pre b ALL (4)
CD19, cytoplasmic CD22, cytoplasmic µ, TdT (variable)
68
what is the immunophenotype of T ALL
CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, and TdT
69
what condition is common in teen males with a mediastinal mass, elevated peripheral blast count, and meningeal involvement
T- ALL
70
what condition can have hand mirror forms
ALL
71
what is known as the eythroid marker
cCD79a
72
def? cell expresses a marker that it shouldn't
aberrant expression
73
what test must be preformed when diagnosing acute leukemias
BM aspiration/biopsy
74
what will the BM of ALL look like
hypercellular
75
what will tell you if a cell is a myloidblast
auer rods
76
what kind of leukemia? accumulation of abnormal blast cells in marrow and impaired production of normal blood cells
acute myelogenous leukemia
77
what is the most common type of leukemia in adults
acute myelogenous leukemia
78
what are the symptoms of acute myelogenous leukemia
- risk of DIC
- anemia
- thrombocytopenia
79
what will the BM of acute myelogenous leukemia pts look like
hyper cellular with more than 20% blast
80
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: minimally differentiated
M0
81
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: no maturation
M0
82
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: with maturation
M2
83
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: acute promyelocytic leukemia
M3
84
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: acute myelomonocytic leukemia
M4
85
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: acute myelomonocytic leukemia with eosinophilia
M4eo
86
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: acute monocytes leukemia, poorly diff
M5a
87
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: acute monocytes leukemia, well differentiated
M5b
88
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: acute erythroleukemia
M6
89
what subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia: acute megakaryocytic leukemia
M7
90
who is more likely to have acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21) (q22;q22.1); RUNX1/RUNX1T1
kids
91
what leukemia has pseudo-pelter-huet cells
acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21) (q22;q22.1); RUNX1/RUNX1T1
92
what AML has myeloblast, mono blast, and promyelocytes in PB and BM
acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16) (p13.1q22) or t(16;16)(p13.1;q22);CBFB-MYH11
93
what stages does acute promyelocytic leukemia with PML-RARA stop diff
promyelocyte stage
94
people with acute promyelocytic leukemia with PML-RARA are at risk of
DIC
95
where is the translocation in acute promyelocytic leukemia with PML-RARA
15;17
96
what kind of AML has an increase of mono blast and immature monocytes
acute myeloid leukemia with t(9;11) (p22;q23);KMT2A (MLL)-MLLT3
97
AML M0: MPO ____ and SBB ____
neg
neg
98
AML M1: MPO __ and SBB ___
pos
pos
99
who is mostly likely to get MPNs
seniors
100
what causes MPN
gene mutations in HSC
101
what do gene mutation in HSC do
increase proliferation in all cell lines
102
what cell is the most increased in polycythemia vera
erthrocytosis
103
what mutation do polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis
JAK2 mutation
104
what mutation does CML have
Ph chromosome
105
CML: basophils are ____
increased
106
CML: LAP ____
decreased
107
what is the M:E ratio of CML
10:1
108
what is the treatment for CML
sleenomagaly. and clevec
109
what does a mutated Philadelphia chromosome and BCR/ABL fusion gene activate
protein kinase --> proliferation of cells
110
what is other lab finding of CML
increase in uric acid
111
during a CML blast crisis how do pt respond to therapy
poorly
112
what % of blast will be present during a blast crisis in CML
10 to 19%
113
what can a CML blast crisis transform into
acute lymphoid or acute myeloid leukemia
114
what are the 4 criteria for polycythemia vera diagnosis
- increased hb and hct
- BM hypercellularity
- ID of JAK2 mut
- low serum EPO levels
115
people with polycythemia vera are at risk of(3)
hemorrhage, tissue infarction, and thrombosis
116
PV or secondary hypoxia? red cell mass always increased
PV
117
PV or secondary hypoxia? EPO is decreased
PV
118
PV or secondary hypoxia? arterial o2 saturation is normal
PV
119
PV or secondary hypoxia? leukocytosis and increased plts
PV
120
PV or secondary hypoxia? splenomegaly
PV
121
PV or secondary hypoxia? red cell mass can be increased
secondary hypoxia
122
PV or secondary hypoxia? BM only erythroid hyperplasia
secondary hypoxia
123
PV or secondary hypoxia? EPO increased
secondary hypoxia
123
PV or secondary hypoxia? arterial o2 saturation is decreased
secondary hypoxia
124
what are the clinical features of PV
thrombosis and hemorrhage
125
what condition cause blood vessels in face to be red
PV
126
what is the therapy for PV
giving their own blood
127
what are the PBS findings of essential thrombocythemia
- neutrophilia with slight left shift
- increase in PLts
128
T or F: plts function properly in essential thrombocythemia
F
129
what are the complications of essential thrombocythemia
hemorrhage and thrombosis
130
what will the BM look like of essential throbocythemia
hypercellularity with marked megakaryocytic hyperplasia
131
disease? abnormal clone of megakaryocyteds stimulate the BM fibroblast to produce collagen
primary myelofibrosis
132
what do fibroblastic growth factors release
plt derived growth factors
133
describe the BM tap from a primary myelofibrosis pt
dry tap
134
what kind of hematopoiesis do primary myelofibrosis pts do
extra medullary
135
diagnosis:
- immature granulocytes
- nRBCs
- teardrop cells
- giant plts
primary myelofibrosis
136
what CBC parameter is increased in CML
WBC
137
what CBC parameter is increased in pv
RBC
138
what CBC parameter is increased in essential thrombocythemia
plt
