what secretes synovial fluid? what is it made of?
synovial membrane, just outside of joint
protein-based fluid
what is within synovial joint?
2 fibrocartilagenous discs, hylaine cartilage, synovial fluid
how does synovial joint work?
synovial membrane exudes synovial fluid, which nourishes joint, gives it movement ability
trauma to synovial joint known as? / caused by?
“water on the knee”
trauma, disease, aging
can synovial fluid regenerate?
no
hip joint’s technical name, joint type, special characteristic
acetabulofemoral joint, synovial ball and socket joint
weight-bearing joint
movements of hip joint
Circumduction.
1) flexion
2) extension
3) abduction
4) adduction
5) lateral/external rotation
6) medial rotation
knee joint’s technical name
genual
what from within quadriceps muscle communicates with knee joint?
quadriceps bursa
can fill with fluid
what part of femur/tibia articulate?
distal femur, proximal tibia
sesamoid bone of knee? its function?
patella, biggest sesamoid bone in body
quadriceps leverage
genual joint actions
1) extension
2) flexion
technical name of ankle joint? what articulates there?
talo-crural joint, talus bone of foot-crura (leg)
talo-crural joint’s actions?
1) extension/dorsi-flexion
2) true flexion/plantar-flexion
3) inversion
4) eversion
muscles that extend acetabulo-femoral joint?
1) gluteus maximus
2) hamstrings
muscles that flex acetabulo-femoral joint?
1) iliopsoas
2) sartorious
3) rectus femoras
4) tensor facialata
muscles that adduct acetabulo-femoral joint?
1) adductor magnus, longus, brevis pectineus
2) grasilis
muscles that abduct acetabulo-femoral joint?
1) glueus medius, minimus
2) tensor fasciae latae
muscles that laterally rotate acetabulo-femoral joint?
1) sartious
2) obturator internus
3) obturator externus
4) gemelli superior and inferior
5) quadratus femoris
GRADED ACTION
muscles that medially rotate acetabulo-femoral joint?
medial fibers of gluteus medius and minimus
muscles that extend genual joint?
1) Quadriceps femoris
2) Rectus femoris
3) Vastus lateralis
4) Vastus medialis
5) Vastus intermedius
muscles that flex genual joint?
1) Hamstrings
2) Biceps femoris
3) Semitendonosis
4) Semimembranosus
5) Popliteus
6) Gastrocnemius
7) Plantaris
what is unique about the short head of the biceps femoris?
innervated by common peroneal nerve
ONLY MUSCLE IN BODY innervated by common peroneal nerve!
what is unique about gastrocnemius?
2 joint muscle
comes from femur
what is the initial unlocker of the knee?
popliteus m.
what is unique about plantaris m.?
vestigial muscle
constantly spasms 2 muscles if torn
muscles that extend talo-crural joint?
1) tibialis anterior
2) extensor halligus longus
3) extensor digitorum longus
4) continuation of peroneus tertious, the 5th toe of extensor digitalis longus
muscles that flex talo-crural joint?
1) Gastrocnemius
2) soleus
3) plantaris
4) tibialis posterior
5) flexior digitorum longus
6) flexor hallicus longus
7) peroneus longus
8) peroneus brevis
which muscles are tom, dick, and harry?
tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus
which muscles make up the triceps surae?
glastrocnemius, soleus
3-headed muscle of the calf
are 2-joint muscles
muscles that invert talo-crural joint?
tibialis anterior and posterior
muscles that do eversion of talo-crural joint?
1) peroneus longus
2) peroneus brevis
another word for peroneus?
fibularis
tibial nerve root values
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
sister of tibial nerve?
common peroneal nerve
L4, L5, S1, S2
what nerves form sciatic nerve?
common peroneal + tibial nerves
where is sciatica felt? where is root?
lower extremity
L4, L5 radiculopathy
what is trendelenburg gait?
damage to abductors of hip joint, usually damage to superior gluteal nerve L4, L5, S1
ipsolateral limb moves, abductors contract and hug hip in
rock side to side
what is gluteus maximus lurch?
damage to inferior gluteal nerve
L5, S1, S2
what is drop foot caused by?
damage of common peroneal nerve
deep peroneal part is knocked out
foot drags, steppage gait
what is easier to lose: inversion or eversion of foot?
eversion, because would have to knock out 2 different compartments - both tibial and common peroneal nerves - to knock out inversion
what carries sensation from medial malleolus?
saphenous nerve
what is the only non-sciatic innervation distal to the knee?
saphenous nerve, branch of femoral nerve
if have neuropathy in leg- if can extend knee, what type of neuropathy?
distal neuropathy of saphenous nerve
if have neuropathy in leg- if cannot extend knee, what type of neuropathy?
L2-L4, femoral nerve neuropathy
if cannot bring knees together, which nerves are definitely injured?
femoral, obturator