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Anatomy 3010 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of body function

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3
Q

Anatomical terminology

A

Based on ancient Greek or Latin

Provides standard nomenclature worldwide

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4
Q

Subdisciplines of anatomy (3)

A
  1. Gross anatomy
  2. Surface anatomy
  3. Microscopic anatomy
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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Regional or systemic
Macroscopic
Regional is choice during dissection

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6
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Based on landmarks

Relevant clinically

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7
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Histology
Need aid to see
Cellular and subcellular levels

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8
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Throughout life, through aging

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9
Q

Embryology

A

Subset of developmental anatomy

Structural changes from gametogenesis to birth

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10
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

Pathology
Any pathological changes
Microscopic, gross pathology

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11
Q

Functional morphology

A

Relating structure to function

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12
Q

Hierarchy of structural organization (6)

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ system
  6. Organismal
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13
Q

Regional terms

A

Axial region

Appendicular region

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14
Q

Axial region

A

Axis of body

Head, neck and trunk

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15
Q

Appendicular region

A

Appendages: upper and lower limbs

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16
Q

Standard directional terms

A

Used by professionals to describe location of one body part in relation to another

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17
Q

Anatomical position

A

A common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

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18
Q

Superior

A

Cranial
Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Above

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19
Q

Inferior

A

Caudal
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body
Below

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20
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body, on the inner side of

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21
Q

Lateral

A

Way from the midline of the body, on the outer side of

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22
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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23
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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24
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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25
Contralateral
On the opposite side
26
Anterior
Ventral | Towards the front of the body, in front of
27
Posterior
Dorsal | Towards or at the back of the body, behind
28
Superficial
External | Towards or at the body surface
29
Deep
Internal | Away from the body surface, more internal
30
Frontal plane
Coronal | Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
31
Transverse plane
Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
32
Sagittal planes
Are vertical and divide the body into right and left parts Medial (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal: no longer in midline
33
Human Body Plan (6)
1. Tube-within-a-tube 2. Bilateral symmetry 3. Dorsal hollow nerve cord 4. Notochord and vertebrae 5. Segmentation 6. Pharyngeal pouches
34
Tube-within-a-tube
Digestive tract within outer tube
35
Bilateral symmetry
Midsagittal section gives two identical halves
36
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
In dorsal part of body | Brain and spinal cord and both hollow: hollow neural tubes
37
Notochord and vertebrae
Surround spinal cord | Notochord is embryonic structure that triggers off development of the brain (mostly gone in fully developed human)
38
Pharyngeal pouches
To do with pharynx Parts of pharynx very similar between vertebrates Slits are present in human embryos but disappear: middle ear cavity to throat
39
Dorsal body cavity (2)
Consists of: 1. Cranial cavity 2. Vertebral cavity
40
Ventral body cavity
Consists of: 1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity
41
Thoracic cavity (2)
Divided into three parts 1. Two lateral parts containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity 2. Mediastium containing the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac, contains the pericardial cavity
42
Abdominopelvic cavity (2)
Divided into two parts 1. Abdominal cavity 2. Pelvic cavity
43
Abdominal cavity
Contains liver, stomach, kidneys and other organs
44
Pelvic cavity
Contains the bladder, some reproductive organs and rectum
45
Serous cavities
Slit like space lined by serous membrane Parietal covers outer wall of cavity Visceral covers visceral organs
46
Serous fluid
Produced by both layers of the serous membrane
47
Abdominal quadrants
Right upper and lower | Left upper and lower
48
Preparing human tissue for microscopy
Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures Acid- blue, negatively charged dye molecules Basic- pink, positively charged dye molecules
49
Light microscopy
Illuminates tissue with a beam of light
50
Electron microscopy
Uses beams of electrons | Details of cells inside
51
Scanning electron microscopy
Heavy metal salt stain Deflects electrions in the beam to different extents Use tissue as a whole, do not need sections
52
Artifacts
Minor distortions of preserved tissues | Not exactly like living tissues and organs
53
X-ray
Electromagnetic waves of a very short length Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures Not in 3D, structures are compressed (shadows)
54
Contrast X-rays
Barium (swallow, meal, meal follow through, enema) Contrast medium Allows tissues to be more prominent in X-ray Mainly used to study digestive tract, does not cause any harm
55
Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT)
Successive X-rays arounda person's full circumference (usually 12) Series of transverse sections Uses same radiation as X-rays Computer translates into detailed picture of body
56
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Contrast medium highlights vessel structure Images taken before and after contrast medium injection Computer subtracts before from after to identify blockage of arteries to heart wall and brain
57
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body Cells that are more active will take up more of the isotope
58
Sonography
Ultrasound imaging: body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues
59
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Produces high quality images of soft tissues | Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content
60
Skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework for muscles Blood cells formed within bones Stores minerals
61
Muscular system
``` Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion Facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat ```
62
Integumentary sytem
Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury Synthesizes VitD Site of cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands
63
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels transport blood Blood carries oxygen and CO2, nutrients and wastes Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
64
Respiratory system
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes CO2 Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in lungs
65
Digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable units | Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
66
Urinary system
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes | Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
67
Reproductive system
Male and female Overall function to produce offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
68
Nervous system
Fast-acting control system | Repsonds to internal and external changes

Anatomy 3010 (12 decks)

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