Lecture 5

Question 1

Types of joints by function (3)

Answer 1

1. Synarthroses
2. Amphiarthroses
3. Diarthroses

Question 2

Synarthroses joints

Answer 2

Immovable joints

Question 3

Amphiarthroses joints

Answer 3

Slightly movable joints

Question 4

Diarthroses joints

Answer 4

Freely movable joints

Question 5

Types of join by structure (3)

Answer 5

1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Question 6

Fibrous joints

Answer 6

Suture or syndesmosis

Question 7

Suture joints

Answer 7

Joint is held together with short, interconnecting fibers
Bone edges interlock
Only on skull

Question 8

Syndemosis joints

Answer 8

Bones are held together by a ligament
Fibrous tissue can vary in length
Between radius and ulna: large amounts of movement possible

Question 9

Distal tibiofibular joint

Answer 9

Between fibula and tibia

Syndemosis joint

Question 10

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 10

Synchondroses or symphyses

Question 11

Synchondroses joints

Answer 11

Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Immobile
Ie. epiphyseal plates, 1st rib’s cartilage, manubrium of sternum

Question 12

Symphyses joints

Answer 12

Fibrocartilage connects two bones
Slight movement
Ie. symphysis pubis, symphysis menti, intervertebral discs

Question 13

Synovial joints (6)

Answer 13

Most movable joints in the body
All have hyaline at ends of articulating bones
Joint cavities
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
All are diarthroses
Intra and extracapsular ligaments to enforce the joints
Most joints in body are synovial
1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condylar
5. Saddle
6. Ball and socket

Question 14

Plane synovial joints

Answer 14

Between two flat surfaces
Allow for limited gliding movements between bones
Ie. between tarsal bones of the foot

Question 15

Hinge synovial joints

Answer 15

Cylinder and trough

Ie. elbow, knee, ankle

Question 16

Pivot synovial joints

Answer 16

Rotate around axis

Ie. between first and second cervical vertebrae, radius and ulna

Question 17

Condylar synovial joints

Answer 17

One round bone and one concave

Ie. radiocarpal joint of wrist, metacarpal phalangeal joint

Question 18

Saddle synovial joints

Answer 18

Saddle and rider

Ie. 1st carpometacarpal joint (base of thumb)

Question 19

Ball and socket synovial joints

Answer 19

Hip and shoulder joints ONLY

Question 20

Articular cartilage

Answer 20

Synovial joints
At ends of articulating bones
Hyaline

Question 21

Joint cavity

Answer 21

Space that holds synovial fluid

Question 22

Articular capsule

Answer 22

Encloses joint cavity

Fibrous membranous capsule

Question 23

Synovial fluid

Answer 23

Viscous fluid inside the joint cavity

Question 24

Flexion

Answer 24

Decreases angle between the bones
Arm: all the way forward
Forearm: all the way up from elbow forward
Fingers: folded down at joints
Wrist: forward
Thumb: flat against palm
Thigh: all the way forward
Leg: bent backwards and knee

Question 25

Extension

Answer 25

``` Increases angle between the bones Arm: all the way back Forearm: elbox straight Fingers: flat hand Wrist: backwards Thumb: outwards, in plane with hand Thigh: all the way back Leg: straight leg ```

Question 26

Abduction

Answer 26

Moving a limb away from the body Arm: Parallel to ground, outward Wrist: hand moves inward in pinky direction Fingers: fingers apart Thumb: thumb inline with fingers Thigh: lifts leg outwards (widening legs)

Question 27

Adduction

Answer 27

``` Moving a limb towards the body Arm: flat against body, down Wrist: hand moves outward in thumb direction Fingers: fingers together Thigh: legs close together ```

Question 28

Circumduction

Answer 28

Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction together to give circular motion

Question 29

Rotation

Answer 29

Movement of bone around longitudinal axis

Question 30

Gliding

Answer 30

Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other

Question 31

Flexed knee

Answer 31

Can also rotate medially and laterally Unflexed: locked Joint is most complex in body

Question 32

Opposition of thumb

Answer 32

Thumb towards fingers: as to pick them up

Question 33

Dorsiflexion

Answer 33

Ankle upward | Foot pointing upwards

Question 34

Plantarflexion

Answer 34

Ankle downward | Foot pointing downward