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Anatomy 3010 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

A group of closely associated cells that perform related function and are similar in structure
Most organs contain 4 tissue types

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A 
Covers body surface or lines body cavity
Forms parts of most glands
Minimal extracellular material
Specialized contacts between cells
Avascular but innervated
Receives nutrients from underlying connective tissue
Quickly regenerates
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3
Q

Connective tissue

A 
Support
Connects other tissues together
Mostly right under epithelium
Most diverse and abundant tissue
Few cells, abundant cellular matrix
Common embryonic origin is mesenchyme
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4
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Movement, contractility

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Control, excitability

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6
Q

Functions of epithelia

A 
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
Diffusion
Filtration
Sensory reception
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7
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Single layer of cells attached to basement membrane

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8
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Multiple layers of cells

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9
Q

Squamous

A

Cells are wider than tall: plate like

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10
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cells are as wide as they are tall

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11
Q

Columnar

A

Cells are taller than they are wide

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12
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Diffusion and filtration
Secretes lubricating substances in serosae
Located in renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels (body cavities)

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13
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

Located in kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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14
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Adapted for protection from abrasion
Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar
Thickest epithelial tissue
Regenerates from below
Named according to shape of cells at apical layer

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15
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Generally two layers of cube-shaped cells
Protection
Located at ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands and largest sweat glands

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16
Q

Basement membrane and diabetes

A

Basement membrane can become thick

Due to increase amounts of glucose binding to proteins of BM: glycosylation, especially in eye or kidney

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17
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

May contain goblet cells
Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc
Ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

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18
Q

Location of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands

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19
Q

Location of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus

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20
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A 
All cell originate at basement membrane
Only tall cells reach apical surface
May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells, giving impression of stratification
Secrete mucus and propel mucus by cilia
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21
Q

Location of non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Ducts of male reproductive tubes

Ducts of large glands

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22
Q

Location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

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23
Q

Goblet cell

A

Unicellular exocrine gland
Shaped as goblet
Protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces

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24
Q

Kartengeer’s syndrome

A

Immotile cilia syndrome
Inherited disease
Frequent respiratory infections
Infertility

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25
Keratinized simple squamous epithelium
Epidermis Contains protective protein keratin Waterproof Surface cells are dead and full of keratin
26
Nonkeratinized simple squamous epithelium
Forms moist lining of body openings
27
Stratified columnar epithelium
Several layers Basal cells usually cuboidal, superficial cells elongated Protection and secretion Rare tissue type, found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands
28
Transitional epithelium
Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal Basal cells cuboidal or columnar Surface cells dome or squamous depending on stretch of organ Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by containing urine Lines ureters, bladder and part of uterus
29
Main classes of connective tissue (4)
1. Connective tissue proper 2. Cartilage 3. Bone tissue 4. Blood
30
Important functions of connective tissue types
Forms basis of skeleton Store/carry nutrients Surround blood vessels and nerves Lead fight against infection
31
Extracellular matrix
Composed of ground substance and fibers | Produced by cells of connective tissue
32
Structural elements of connective tissue (2)
1. Fibers | 2. Ground substance
33
Connective tissue fibers
``` Support Have unique properties 1. Collagen 2. Reticular 3. Elastic ```
34
Collagen fibers
Strongest | Resist tension
35
Reticular fibers
Bundles of special type of cartilage
36
Elastic fibers
Contain elastin, recoil after stretching
37
Connective tissue ground substance
Usually gel-like substance containing proteoglycans and glycoaminoglycans Cushions and protects body structures Holds tissues fluid Blood is an exception (plasma is not produced by blood cells)
38
Connective tissue proper
Loose connective tissue | Dense connective tissue
39
Loose connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, reticular
40
Dense connective tissue
Collagen, elastic
41
Areolar connective tissue
Main battlefield in fight against infection Contains macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, WBC All 3 types of fibers for support Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance
42
Location of areolar connective tissue
Widely distributed under epithelia | Forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs and surrounds capillaries
43
Adipose connective tissue
Matrix is areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes Provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss and supports/protects organs
44
Location of adipose connective tissue
Under skin in the hypodermis, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen and in breasts
45
Dense regular connective tissue
Collagen fibers are parallel to direction of pull, few elastic fibers Have more collagen than areolar connective tissue Fibroblasts are located between collagen fibers Poorly vascularized Attaches muscles to bones, bones to bones
46
Location of dense regular connective tissue
Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
47
Dense elastic connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue containing high proportion of elastic fibers Allows recoil of tissue following stretching, maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration
48
Location of dense elastic connective tissue
Walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column, within the walls of bronchial tubes
49
Blood tissue
Atypical connective tissue Consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix RBC, WBC Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances Contained with blood vessels
50
Covering and lining membranes
Consists of epithelial tissue sheet and underlying connective tissue 1. Cutaneous membrane 2. Mucus membrane 3. Serous membrane
51
Cutaneous membrane
Skin | Covers the body surface
52
Mucous membranes
Lines body cavities that are open to the exterior
53
Serous membranes
Simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium lying on areolar connective tissue Produces serous fluid Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior
54
Muscle tissue
Most muscle cells are called muscle fibers | Cells contain myofilaments which contain actin and myosin
55
Types of muscle tissue (3)
1. Skeletal muscle tissue 2. Cardiac muscle tissue 3. Smooth muscle tissue
56
Skeletal muscle
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, obvious striations | Voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expressions
57
Location of skeletal muscle
Attached to bones or occasionally to the skin
58
Cardiac muscle
Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions: intercalating discs Propels blod into the circulation, involuntary control
59
Location of cardiac muscle
In the walls of the heart
60
Smooth muscle
Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arrange closely to form sheets Propels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary controls
61
Location of smooth muscle
Mostly in the walls of hollow organs
62
Nervous tissue
Neurons: branching cells, cell processes may be quite long Nucleus containing cell body Non-conducting support cells, neuroglia Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors that control the activity of the effector organs
63
Location of nervous tissue
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
64
Regeneration
Replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tisue

Anatomy 3010 (12 decks)

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