Lecture 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomical orientation
A
Person stands erect, palms facing anteriorly Thumbs pointed away from the body
2
Q
Axial skeleton
A
Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
3
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb
4
Q
Skull
A
Entire skeleton of the head and the face, including the mandible
5
Q
Mandible
A
Only movable bone in the skull
6
Q
Cranium
A
Skull without the mandible
7
Q
A
Frontal bone
8
Q
A
Parietal bones (2)
9
Q
A
Temporal bones (2)
10
Q
A
Occipital bone
11
Q
A
Sphenoid bone
12
Q
A
Ethmoid bone
13
Q
A
Zygomatic bones
14
Q
A
Maxillae (2)
15
Q
A
Nasal bones (2)
Only bones in nose
16
Q
A
Lacrimal bones (2)
17
Q
Sutures
A
Joints between bones
Type of joint with no movement
18
Q
A
Sagittal suture
19
Q
A
Lambdoid suture
20
Q
A
Bregma
21
Q
A
Lambda
22
Q
Foramen magnum
A
Large opening in the occipital bone
Spinal cord passes through
23
Q
Occipital condyles
A
Provide articular surfaces for the first cervical vertebra
24
Q
Fontanelles
A
Unfused gaps in skull of fetus and neonate
Movement possible between unfused bones
At birth, fontanelles are closed by membrane
25
Vertebral column
Houses spinal canal which houses the spinal cord
26
Vertebrae
Normally 33
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
27
Cervical vertebrae
7
C1: atlas
28
Thoracic vertebrae
12
29
Lumbar vertebrae
5
30
Sacral vertebrae
5
Fused, form sacrum
31
Coccygeal vertebrae
4
Fused, form coccyx (tailbone)
32
Primary curvatures
Present in fetus
Thoracic and sacral regions
33
Secondary curvatures
Develop after birth
Cervical and lumbar regions
34
Cervical curvature
Secondary curvature
Develops when infant starts lifting its head
35
Lumbar curvature
Secondary curvature
Develops when child begins to walk
36
Lordosis
Inward curve
Cervical and lumbar curves
37
Kyphosis
Outward curve
Thoracic and sacral curves
38
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
C or S shaped
39
Vertebra
Two parts: vertebral body and vertebral arch
Enclose vertebral foramen
40
Vertebral body
Anterior to vertebral arch
Smallest body in cervical vertebrae
41
Vertebral foramen
Enclosed by vertebral body and arch
Contains spinal cord
42
Vertebral arch
Posterior to body
Carries vertebral processes
43
Thoracic cage
Consists of sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilages, 12 thoracic vertebrae
Protects viscera, supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
44
Intercostal muscles
Housed in thoracic cage
Active during breathing
45
Ribs
Attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
46
True ribs
Ribs 1-7
Attached anteriorly directly to the sternum through costal cartilages
47
False ribs
Ribs 8-10
Attach to sternum through costal cartilages above them
48
Floating ribs
Ribs 11-12
Do not attach to the sternum
49
Typical ribs
Ribs 2-9
Attach to the bodies of vertebrae of the corresponding number and above, to the tranverse process of the corresponding vertebra and the sternum
50
A-typical ribs
Attached to one vertebra of the corresponding number
51
Pectoral girdle
Shoulder girdle
Clavicles and scapulae
Attaches upper limbs to the trunk and proves attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
52
Clavicle
Part of pectoral girdle
Only bony connection of the upper limb to the trunk (all other attachments are musclar)
53
Upper limb bones
Humerus, radium, ulna and bones in hand
54
Arm
Shoulder to elbow
Only one bone: humerus
55
Forearm
Elbow to wrist
Lateral: radius (head is proximal)
Medial: ulna (head is distal)
56
Humerus
Head
Greater and lesser tubercles (on head)
Anatomical and surgical necks
Shaft
Medial and lateral condyles
Usually breaks at surgical neck (proximal)
57
Digits
All fingers plus thumb
58
Bones in the hand
Carpal (wrist bones): 8
Metacarpals (5)
Phalanges (14)
59
Pelvic girdle
Two hip bones and sacrum
Attaches lower lumb to spine
Carries weight of upper body
Supports viscera
60
Hip bone
Large, irregular shaped
Consists of pubis, ilium and ischium (all fused)
Fuse during development at pit where head of femur sits
61
Bones of the lower limb
Femur, tibia, fibula and bones in the foot
Hip to tip of toe
62
Bones in thigh
Femur
63
Femur
Head, neck
Greater and lesser trochanters located below neck
Shaft
Medial and lateral condyles
64
Patella
Knee cap
Small sesamoid bone
Protects knee joint and improves muscle action across the knee
Within tendons
Apex is located inferiorly
65
Leg
Below the knee
66
Bones in the leg
Tibia and fibula
67
Tibia
Main weight-bearing bone
Medial and lateral condyles articulate within the femoral condyles
68
Fibula
Slender bone, lateral to tibia
Proximal end is head
69
Malleoli
Lateral and medial
Formed by distal ends of fibula and tibia
70
Bones in foot
7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges
