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Anatomy 3010 > Lecture 12 (Respiratory System) > Flashcards

Lecture 12 (Respiratory System) Flashcards

1
Q

Inspiration

A

Volume of thoracic cavity increases
Decreases internal gas pressure
Diaphragm flattens
Intercostal muscles contract and raise ribs

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2
Q

Deep inspiration (4)

A

Requires:

  1. Scalenes
  2. Sternocleidomastoid
  3. Pectoralis minor
  4. Erector spinae
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3
Q

Quiet expiration

A

Passive
Inspiratory muscles relax
Diaphragm moves superiorly
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases

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4
Q

Forces expiration

A

Active process

Produced by contraction of internal and external oblique and transverse abdominis

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5
Q

Pleurae

A

Double layered sac surrounding each lung
Parietal and visceral
Help divide the thoracic cavity, into ventral mediastinum and two lateral pleural compartments

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6
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

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7
Q

Trachea

A

C-shaped cartilage ring keeps airways open

Enters left and right bronchus

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8
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in pleural cavity, resulting in lung collapse

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9
Q

Symptoms of pneumothorax

A

Dyspnea, anxiety, tachycardia, pleural pain, asymmetrical chest wall expansion, decreased breath sounds

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10
Q

Causes of pneumothorax

A

Ruptured BLEB (COPD), thoracentesis, trauma, secondary infections

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11
Q

Treatment of pneumothorax

A

Chest tube

Oxygen

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12
Q

Diagnosis of pneumothorax

A

Chest X-ray

ABG’s

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13
Q

Respiratory organs

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
Pharynx, larynx, trachea
Bronchi, smaller branches
Lungs, alveoli

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14
Q

Conducting zone

A

Respiratory passageways that convey air

Filter, humidify, and warm incoming air

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15
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Site of gas exchange in the lungs

Includes structure that have alveoli

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16
Q

Nose/nasal cavity

A

Moistens, warms and filters air
Resonating chamber for speech
Skin contains many sebaceous glands
Continues to nasap pharynx

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17
Q

External nares

A

Nostrils

Divided by nasal septum

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18
Q

Choanae

A

Posterior nasal apertures that open into nasopharynx

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19
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Houses olfactory receptors, near roof of nasal cavity
Only an air passage
Closes off when swallowing
Vulva reflects superiorly

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20
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Goblet cells within epithelium
Underlying layer of lamina propria

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21
Q

Pharynx (3)

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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22
Q

Oropharynx

A

Faces, extends from soft palate to epiglottis

Stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Fauces

A

Archlike entraceway to oropharynx

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24
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Passageway for both food and air
Stratified squamous epithelium
Continues with esophagus and larynx

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25
Nasal conchae/turbinates
Three Project medially from lateral wall of the nasal cavity Deflect particulate matter to mucus-coated surfaces Filter heat and moisten incoming are Reclaim moisture and heat during exhaling Swell when sick Secrete mucous
26
Paranasal sinuses
Air-filled spaces within frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones Makes bones lighter Adds resonance to voice Sinuses open into nasal cavity
27
Sinusitis
Infection within paranasal sinuses Small holes become blocked because of swollen mucus membrane Becomes pus after long
28
Tonsils
Collections of lymphoid tissue | Contains opening to pharygotympanic tube
29
Pharyngeal tonsils
Adenoids Located on posterior wall Destroy entering pathogens
30
Tubal tonsils
Protect pharygotympanic tube from infection
31
Tonsils of oropharynx (2)
1. Palatine tonsils | 2. Lingual tonsils
32
Waldeyer's ring (4)
1. Pharyngeal tonsils 2. Tubal tonsils 3. Lingual tonsils 4. Palatine tonsils
33
Palatine tonsils
In the lateral wall of the fauces
34
Lingual tonsils
Cover the posterior surface of the tongue
35
Larynx
Extends from 4-6 cervical vertebrae Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly Opens into laryngopharynx Inferiorly continuous with trachea
36
Functions of larynx (3)
1. Voice production 2. Provides an open airway 3. Acts as a sphincter to trachea
37
Laryngeal prominence
Adam's apple
38
Cartilages of the larynx (9)
1. Epiglottic 2. Thyroid 3. Cricoid 4. Arytenoid (paired) 5. Corniculate (paired) 6. Cuneiform (paired)
39
Thyroid cartilage
Shield shaped | Forms laryngeal prominence
40
Epiglottis
Tips inferiorly during swallowing
41
Vocal ligaments of larynx (2)
1. Vocal folds | 2. Vestibular folds
42
Vocal folds
True vocal cords | Act in sounds production
43
Vestibular folds
False vocal cords | No role in sound production
44
Rima glottides
Medial opening between vocal folds
45
Trachealis
Located between open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea
46
Carina
Marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi
47
Sternal angle
Surface marking of carina
48
Apex of lung
Top
49
Base of lung
Concave inferior surface
50
Hilium
Indentation on mediastinal surface | Region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit the lung
51
Cardiac notch
Indentation of left lung from heart
52
Left lung
Superior and inferior lobes divided by oblique fissure | Cardiac notch
53
Oblique fissure (left)
Divided superior and inferior lobes of heart
54
Right lung
Superior, middle and inferior lobes
55
Horizontal fissure
Divided superior and middle lobes of right lung
56
Oblique fissure (right)
Divides middle and inferior lobes of right lung
57
Root
Structures that enter and leave the lung at the hilum | Blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves
58
Bronchial tree
Extensively branching respiratory passageways
59
Primary bronchi
Main bronchi | Largest bronchi
60
Right main bronchi
Wider and shorter than the left
61
Secondary bronchi
Lobar bronchi | Branch into each lung segment
62
Bronchioles
No cartilage Only smooth muscle Little bronchi, less than 1mm in diameter
63
Terminal bronchioles
Less than 0.5mm in diameter | Lead to respiratory bronchioles
64
Bronchi vs. bronchioles
Bronchi have cartilage
65
Bronchial tree: changes in supportive connective tissue
C shaped rings replaced by cartilage plates
66
Bronchial tree: changes in epithelial tissue
Initially pseudostratified ciliated columnar, replaced by simple columnar, then simple cuboidal
67
Bronchial asthma
Type of allergic inflammation Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or stress Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle Secretion of mucous into airways
68
Respiratory bronchioles
Gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent Branch from terminal bronchioles Lead to alveolar ducts, then sacs
69
Alveolar ducts
Grouping of many alveolar sacs
70
Alveolar pores
Within alveolar sacs
71
Alveoli
~400 million Tremendous surface area for gas exchange Ringle layer of simple squamous epithelial cells
72
Respiratory membrane
Alveolar and capillary walls plus their basal lamina | Made of type I alveolar cells
73
Type II alveolar cells
Secrete surfactant which reduces surface tension within alveoli
74
Alveolar macrophages
Remove tiniest inhaled particles, migrate into bronchi | Ciliary action takes alveolar macrophages to pharynx

Anatomy 3010 (12 decks)

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