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Anatomy 3010 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of cartilage (3)

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilages
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2
Q

Perichondrium

A

Surrounds cartilages
Resists outward pressure (adds strength)
Functions in growth and repair

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3
Q

Cartilage

A

Connective tissue
Consists primarily of water
Resilient tissue: can return to original form

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4
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Cartilage cell type

Exists inside lacunae

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5
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavity within cartilage matrix

House chondrocytes

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6
Q

Cartilage matrix

A

Contains fibers and jellylike ground substance

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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A 
"glass": translucent
Most abundant
Chondrocytes appear spherical
Collagen fibers in matrix
Ground substance holds large amount of water
Provides support through flexibility
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8
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Contains many elastic fibers
Yellowish in colour
Able to tolerate repeated bending
Located in epiglottis and external ear

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9
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

No perichondrium
Resists strong compression and strong tension
Intermediate between hyaline and elastic
Located in pubis symphysis, mensici of knee, annulus fibrosus

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10
Q

Growth of cartilage (2)

A
  1. Appositional growth
  2. Interstitial growth
    Cartilage stops growing when the skeleton stops growing
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11
Q

Functions of bones (5)

A
  1. Support/protection
  2. Movement
  3. Mineral storage
  4. Blood formation
  5. Energy metabolism (osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin)
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12
Q

Osteocalcin

A

Secreted by osteoclasts

Thought to due with body homeostasis

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13
Q

Bone tissue make up (2)

A
  1. 35% organic components

2. 65% inorganic components

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14
Q

Organic components

A

Cells, fibers, ground substance

Contribute to flexibility and tensile strength

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15
Q

Inorganic components

A

Mineral salts that invade bony matrix

Provide exceptional hardness, resist compress

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16
Q

Cells that produce or maintain bone (3)

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
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17
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

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18
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Actively produce and secrete bone matrix

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19
Q

Osteoid

A

Bone matrix

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

Keep bone matrix healthy

21
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Found within bone tissue
Crawls along bone surface
Giant cell with many nuclei
Responsible for reabsorption of bone
Derived from line of hematopoietic stem cell
Secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes

22
Q

Compact bone

A 
Dense outer layer
Contains passage ways for blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
Osteons
Osteocytes sandwiched between lamellae
Volkmann's canals
23
Q

Spongy bone

A

Cancellous
INternal network of bone
Trabeculae: little beams of bone
Open spaces between trabeculae are filled with marrow

24
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner lining inside bone

25
Epiphyses
Ends of long bone
26
Bone design and stress
Anatomy of bone reflects stresses Compression and tension are greatest at external surfaces Centre of bone does not have any force
27
Structure of typical long bone (5)
1. Diaphysis: shaft 2. Epiphyses - ends of bone 3. Blood vessels 4. Medullary cavity 5. Membranes
28
Diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
29
Medullary cavity
Hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow
30
Membranes of long bone (3)
1. Periosteum 2. Perforating collagen fiber bundles (Sharpey's fibers) 3. Endosteum
31
Diploe
Internal spongy bone of flat bones
32
Osteons
Present in compact bone Contain lamellae, central canal, perforating canals and canaliculi Long cylindrical structures Function in support Structurally resemble rings of a tree in cross section
33
Volkmann's canals
Perforating canals | Allow passage of nutrients and cell communications between Haversian systems
34
Ossification/osteogenesis
Bone formation
35
Intramembranous ossification
Membrane bones | Formed directly from mesenchyme
36
Endochondral ossification
All bones except some bones of skull and clavicles Bones are modeled in hyaline cartlage Begins forming late in the second month of embryonic development Continues forming until early adulthood
37
Ephiphyseal plates
Cartilage organized for quick, efficient growth Cartilage cells form tall stacks Chondroblasts at top of stacks divide quickly Pushes epiphysis away from piaphysis Lengthens entire long bone
38
Older chondrocytes
Bone elongation Signal surrounding matrix to calcify Die and disintegrate, leaving long trabeculae of calcified cartilage on diaphysis side Trabeculae are partly eroded by osteoclasts, which are then covered by bone tissue by osteoblasts Trabeculae are eaten away from their tips by osteoclasts
39
Postnatal growth of endochondral bones
During childhood and adolescence Bones lengthen entirely by growth of epiphyseal plates Cartilage is replaced with bone connective tissue as quickly as it grows Epiphyseal plate maintains constant thickness Whole bone lengthens
40
Hormonal regulation of bone growth (3)
1. Growth hormone 2. Thyroid hormone 3. Sex hormones
41
Growth hormone
Produced by the pituitary gland | Stimulates epiphyseal plates
42
Thyroid hormone
Ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions
43
Sex hormones
Estrogen and progesterone Promote bone growth Lated induces closure of epiphyseal plates
44
Bone remodelling
Bone is dynamic living tissue 500mg of Ca may leave or enter skeleton each day Bone matrix + osteocytes are continually removed by reabsorption and replaced by bone deposition by osteoblasts Cancellous bone is replaced every 3-4 years, compact bone is replaced every 10 years
45
Osteoporosis
Characterized by low bone mass Bone reabsportion outpaces bone deposition Occurs most often in women after menopause
46
Osteomalacia
Occurs in adults | Bones are inadequately mineralized
47
Rickets
Occurs in children | Analogous to osteomalacia
48
Osteosarcoma
Form of bone cancer
49
Skeleton throughout life
Stops growing from 18-21 | Bone mass declines with age

Anatomy 3010 (12 decks)

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