Lecture 10 - Energy Generation Part 1 Flashcards by Donna Hernandez

Glycolysis that does not require oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration

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Prokaryotes like bacteria generate ATP using _________.

Glycolysis

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Glycolysis versus Aerobic respiration proportion to creating ATP.

1:19 (Glycolysis = 1 ATP : Aerobic respiration = 19 ATP)

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What is the most significant difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes use aerobic respiration to generate ATP

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(T/F) Eukaryotes only utilize glycolysis to generate ATP.

False - Eukaryotes also use aerobic respiration as the initial step

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Aerobic respiration is dependent on ________ and produces _________ _________ as a byproduct

oxygen; carbon dioxide

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Photosynthesis in plants utilizes _________ __________ and releases __________ - the opposite of aerobic respiration.

carbon dioxide; oxygen

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What is possibly the most important molecule on earth for maintaining life; it generates oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide.

Chlorophyll

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Chlorophyll is a porphyrin that chelates?

magnesium

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The consequence of cutting down forests is also a loss of oxygen in the planetary atmosphere as well as increase in carbon dioxide. What theory is this?

“dysox theory”

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What are the 2 primary sources of fuel for aerobic respiration?

1) glycolysis of sugars

2) Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

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What are the 3 products of glycolysis and how many of each?

1) 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
2) 2 NADH
3) 2 ATP

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In beta-oxidation, fatty acids are cut into _______ groups and then attached to ________ ____.

acetyl groups; coenzyme A

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What does beta-oxidation directly produce an abundance of?

ACA - acetyl coenzyme A

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(T/F) There is only one pathway to generate ATP.

False - There are different pathways that are not related to each other to generate ATP - vitamins & minerals, fats & oils, carbohydrates, proteins, fiber

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What is the purpose of respiration?

Generate as much ATP to drive enzymes across every part of every live cell in the body.

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Aerobic respiration is a process of burning _______ with ________ in an exquisitely controlled way.

carbon; oxygen

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___________ __________ extracts as much ATP from biological rendering of substrates.

Aerobic respiration

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____________ float freely within the cytoplasm of a cell.

Mitochondria

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The mitochondrion has a double membrane complex, creating 2 fluid chambers within the organelle:

1) matrix

2) inter membrane space

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The mitochondrion has evolved to create a _________ _________ between the matrix and the inter membrane space.

concentration gradient

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The outer membrane protects the inter membrane space from influence of the __________.

cytoplasm

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The _________ membrane encloses the matrix from the _________ membrane space.

inner membrane; inter membrane

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The inner membrane which is deeply invaginated called?

cristae

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The inter membrane space is the "______" of the mitochondrion.

battery

The goal of the _____ ______ ______ is to fill the inter membrane space with H+ ions in high concentration.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - Step 3

The high concentration of H+ ions creates a _______, a collection or potential of energy.

battery

The outer and inner membranes are very specialized to keep H+ in the space while allowing __________ __________ of molecules through both membranes to maintain the factory

selective transport

Channel proteins on the outer membrane that selectively allow small molecules like pyruvic acid or oxygen (O2) into the mitochondrion.

porins

The inner membrane includes the cristae and is embedded with many types of molecules:

1) Cytochrome P450 series enzymes 2) Coenzyme Q10 3) other enzymes of ETC 4) ATP synthase 5) substrate/product transport proteins

Aerobic respiration takes place in the ________ of cells.

mitochondria

The _______ is a closed system that facilitates the generation of ATP.

mitochondrion

Mitochondria carry _____ ____ ______ in the matrix.

loops of DNA

Loops of DNA are constantly coding for the ______ and _______.

enzymes; proteins

The enzymes and proteins in the loops of DNA are need in what 4 different processes?

1) Beta-Oxidation 2) Glycolysis 3) Krebs Cycle 4) Oxidative Phosphorylation

Beta-Oxidation, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation conserve the ______ in the _____ from having to constantly be unzipped.

genes; nucleus

The production of _______ by mitochondrial enzymes is voluminous.

ATP

________ stress is high in the matrix, and regularly wears out the ______ of the mitochondrion.

Oxidative; proteins

Step 1 of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion. What is it and where does it take place?

Pyruvate Decarboxylation; matrix

Step 2 of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion. What is it and where does it take place?

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle; matrix

Step 3 of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion. What is it and where does it take place?

Electron Transport Chain; cristae

Step 4 of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion. What is it and where does it take place?

ADP to ATP Phosphorylation - cristae

Resulting in massive generation of ATP for cellular energy supply:

1) driving enzymatic catalysis 2) driving membrane transport proteins 3) driving molecule and macromolecule manufacture (anabolism)

______ acid is the primary product of the metabolism of glucose in _________.

Pyruvic acid; glycolysis

_____ ______ is a 3-carbon molecule, enters Step 1 and has one carbon removed as CO2, with the remaining acetyl group bonded to coenzyme A, making _____ which enters the Krebs Cycle.

Pyruvic acid; ACA

When one carbon is removed as CO2.

decarboxylation

Pyruvate decarboxylation release 2hat products and how many?

1 CO2; 1 NADH

What is the basic purpose of the Krebs cycle?

break down the 2-carbon (acetyl) pieces

In the Krebs Cycle, the 2-carbon (acetyl) pieces that enter into the cycle from ______ by reacting with _______.

ACA; oxygen

The reaction of ACA with oxygen that releases energy from oxygen.

oxidative

Energy is passed by ______ _______ _______to the ETC (Electron Transport Chain) in the cristae of the mitochondrion.

energy carrier molecules

The Krebs cycle ________ carbon from pyruvic acid or fatty acids.

oxidizes (burns)

In the Krebs cycle, ______ is released and passes out of the mitochondrion and cell into the blood for exhalation via the lungs.

CO2

_______ ________ ________ produced from Krebs are utilized in the ETC of enzymes.

energy carrier molecules

The enzyme complexes in the ETC _____ _____ to power a build up of potential energy in the mitochondrion, creating a _____ of energy.

move electrons (e-); battery

At the conclusion of the ETC, _____ is used again but to accept electrons at the end of the ETC.

oxygen

In the ETC, aerobic respiration oxygen is used in 2 different ways:

1) it is burnt in one with carbon | 2) is used as an electron acceptor

The battery created by the ETC is discharged across a membrane back into the mitochondrial matrix through the enzyme ____ _________

ATP synthase

The banked energy _______ across the membrane's _______ ________ drives the enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

equilibrates; concentration gradient

What are the 4 input molecules in ATP energy generation?

1) Pyruvic acid or pyruvate 2) Acetyl Coenzyme A 3) O2 - oxygen 4) ADP

What are the 4 vitamins used in ATP energy generation?

1) Riboflavin (B2) 2) Thiamine (B1) 3) Pantothenic Acid (B5) 4) Niacin (B3)

What are the 6 cofactors/coenzymes involved in ATP energy generation?

1) Ubiquinone (CoQ10) 2) Coenzyme A 3) NAD+/NADH 4) FAD/FADH2 5) Coenzyme Lipoamide 6) FMN

What are the 3 output molecules used in ATP energy generation?

1) ATP 2) H+ 3) CO2

What are the 5 mineral Ions involved in ATP energy generation?

1) Mg+2 2) Fe+2 3) Cu+2 4) Mn+2 5) K+

Step 1 takes 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis and will convert pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A (ACA) via the enzyme complex ____ ________

pyruvate dehydrogenase

What complex are multiple enzymes that perform several functions with several cofactors?

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase performs several actions, resulting in the manufacture of __________ __________ _____ from pyruvate

acetyl coenzyme A (ACA)

Pyruvate from glycolysis is degraded to an _____ _____ using ________ ________.

acetyl group; coenzyme lipoamide

_______ _____ donates its structure by accepting the acetyl group, yielding _________.

Coenzyme A; ACA

In reducing Pyruvate (3-carbon molecule) to an acetyl group, one carbon is released as ______ by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex.

CO2

NAD+ is used in creating the _____, producing one _______.

CO2; NADH

What happens during step 1 - Pyruvate decarboxylation?

1) coenzyme lipoamide is recycled 2) CO2 diffuses away 3) ACA then enters and begins its transformation in the Krebs cycle

What is another name for the Krebs Cycle?

citric acid cycle

_______ ________ is the first molecular product when acetyl coenzyme A is introduced to the cycle.

citric acid

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

oxidize (burn) carbon from ACA

During the Krebs Cycle, how is the carbon oxidized (burned) from ACA?

sophisticated cascade of enzyme transformations on the 6-carbon citric acid molecule.

______ is supplied from Step 1 or from Beta-Oxidation.

ACA

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?

NADH, FADH2, and succinate

During the Krebs Cycle, what excess ion is in their molecules, which carries an electron feeding the ETC in Step 3.

hydrogen

In the Krebs Cycle, what is the waste product from the consumption of oxygen and carbon?

CO2

In the Krebs Cycle, ________ (4-carbon) is cycled into the first enzyme - _________ - with ACA, creating citric acid - a 6-carbon molecule.

Oxaloacetate; citric synthetase

In the Krebs Cycle, what is the 6-carbon backbone also known as, where every bit of energy is extracted from this backbone?

"workhorse"

In sum, Krebs Cycle produces what products and how many of each?

3 NADH 1 FADH2 2 CO2

By breaking down carbon compounds and using oxygen, Pyruvate Decarboxylation and the Krebs Cycle sends the ETC what products and how many?

4 NADH | 1 FADH2

What product is used in both ETC and Krebs as an electron shunt molecule?

succinate

What and how many waste products are there?

3 CO2

What from produces an abundance of oxygen and carbon?

sugars, fats, oils, and breathing oxygen

The abundance of oxygen and carbon, creates a source of power for making ATP, using _____ and ______ as energy intermediates.

NADH; FADH2

What molecule does NADH and FADH2 carry to the ETC?

hydrogen