Lecture 9 Nucleic Acid Replication And Protein Synthesis

Question 0

________ stores the genetic code for the manufacture of the cell’s and organism’s structure, which leads to organism function, or ______.

Answer 0

DNA; LIFE

Question 1

What is the scientific study of gene expression?

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

Replication means DNA or RNA is manufactured from ________ and the code from _______.

Answer 2

Nucleotides; DNA

Question 3

(T/F) The transcription of DNA is the key to protein synthesis.

Answer 3

False - the key is the transcription of RNA from DNA for protein synthesis.

Question 4

(T/F) All proteins have their sequence of amino acids determined by the code of RNA on the original gene.

Answer 4

False - it’s the code of DNA not RNA.

Question 5

_________ are used primarily as enzymes to facilitate the growth, maintenance and recycling of all cell structures.

Answer 5

Proteins

Question 6

What study is a new approach to understanding gene expression in cells?

Answer 6

Epigenetics

Question 7

In simplified DNA replication, the first step during cell division is _____________________, where the enzyme untwists the secondary helix structure of the original DNA.

Answer 7

topoisomerase

Question 8

In simplified DNA replication, in second step of cell division, a __________, untwists the primary helix structure by relieving the H bond btwn bases, separating the strands.

Answer 8

Helicase

Question 9

T/F Binding proteins are responsible for keeping strands separated during the helicase process of DNA replication.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

_____ ____________ bonds free-floating nucleotides into deoxyribose-sugar chain during duplication of DNA during cell division

Answer 10

DNA primase

Question 11

_____ ___________ connects together the bits newly created nucleotide chain during duplication of DNA during cell division

Answer 11

DNA ligase

Question 12

_____ _____________ finishes the bonding of nucleotides, and re-zips the strands as 2 _____________ __________ during duplication of DNA during cell division.

Answer 12

DNA Polymerase; daughter strands

Question 13

T/F There is only one form of DNA polymerase

Answer 13

False, there are 3 types - DNA Polymerase 1, 2 & 3

Question 14

In Protein synthesis, there are a vast variety of proteins that cells need to create & renew at all times to maintain __________ ___________

Answer 14

tissue integrity

Question 15

Protein synthesis occurs constantly within cells and uses significant ______ energy to maintain normal organismal function

Answer 15

ATP

Question 16

Proteins are used for 1.____________, about 2,500 of these catalyze biochem principles 2. ____________, (muscles, tendons, skin etc) & 3._____________, hormones & messengers, metabolism etc

Answer 16

1.Enzymes, 2. Structure, 3. Function

Question 17

_________________, in the basic process of protein synthesis, is the replication copy of a protein code for specific desired protein, writing the code in mRNA

Answer 17

Transcription

Question 18

_______________, in the basic process of protein synthesis,is when the mRNA is moved out of cell nucleus to the cytoplasm & ______________ into amino acid chain/polypeptide, by a ribosome.

Answer 18

Translation; translated

Question 19

the mRNA transcription information are “read” as 3 nitrogenous bases at a time, called ____________.

Answer 19

codons

Question 20

T/F Codons are unique for each of the 20 amino acids used to create proteins.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

__________________ help “read” the codons.

Answer 21

Ribosomes

Question 22

The _______ is brought to the cytoplasm, where it is translated by several ribosomes in a continuous chain of manufacture

Answer 22

mRNA

Question 23

______’s loaded with amino acids, enter the active site in a ribosome, and match their _______________ to the codon on mRNA

Answer 23

tRNA’s; anticodon

Question 24

The line up of tRNA's amino acids are _____________ into a protein chain, still in the active site of the ribosome.

Answer 24

bonded

Question 25

A new polypeptide is trimmed, modified & folded in the _____________ or in an _____________ to restructure it as a protein

Answer 25

cytoplasm or in an organelle

Question 26

once trimmed, modified and folded, the protein is _________________ in or out of cell

Answer 26

transported

Question 27

________ is constantly consumed to operate the enzyme cascades in protein synthesis

Answer 27

ATP

Question 28

T/F there are actually 20 codons.

Answer 28

False, there are 22 - 20 for amino acids, 1 for starter and 1 for termination making 22

Question 29

The ___________ codon is especially important, as it designates where the 3-base codon chain begins

Answer 29

starter

Question 30

when starter codon is misread by ribosome, there are likely to be _______________

Answer 30

mutations

Question 31

Extensive splicing of ________ & ___________ by ribozymes happens in the initial strand of mRNA

Answer 31

exons & introns

Question 32

Eukaryotic organisms transcribe _________ codes into mRNA

Answer 32

introns

Question 33

___________ codes are the codes used to make proteins

Answer 33

exon

Question 34

The intron codes are ___________ _______ of the mRNA, creating a mature mRNA that is sent to ribosomes for translation into protein

Answer 34

spliced out

Question 35

________________ codes come before the Start codon

Answer 35

Promoter codes

Question 36

tRNA carries a 3-base _______________, which is used to complement codons coming from mRNA

Answer 36

anticodon

Question 37

T/F tRNA are specific for codons and amino acids as well.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

If the mRNA codon for alanine is G-C-U, the corresponding alanine-specific tRNA wil carry an anticodon of _________

Answer 38

C-G-A

Question 39

The aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme ________________ tRNA that have given up their amino acid by reloading emptied tRNA's in the cytoplasm with specific amino acid

Answer 39

recycle

Question 40

mRNA is produced in the ________________

Answer 40

nucleus

Question 41

mRNA is matured and transported in the ____________

Answer 41

cytoplasm

Question 42

The objective of an mRNA is to link _____________

Answer 42

ribosomes

Question 43

Ribosomal 30 & 50s subunits are available on ______ or _________ freely

Answer 43

RER or float freely

Question 44

mRNA is sense by the ____s and ____s subunits; the subunits join to form a ribosome protein factory

Answer 44

30s and 50s

Question 45

The ________ moves into the A & P active site of the ribosome

Answer 45

mRNA

Question 46

_________ loaded with respective amino acids move & match their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA

Answer 46

tRNA's

Question 47

____________ bonds form btwn amino acids from the A site to the P site by enzymatic action

Answer 47

peptide bonds

Question 48

The fusion of amino acids continues until a __________________ codon is found in the mRNA & _______________ stops

Answer 48

termination codon; translation stops

Question 49

Fusion also stops if an emptied _______ goes out & picks up respective amino acids, being recycled by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Answer 49

tRNA

Question 50

fusion also stops if a _______________ chain is pushed out into the cytoplasm where it is folded or modified into a protein, often in golgi complex

Answer 50

polypeptide

Question 51

The __________ and _____ are where the vitamins and other cofactors are inserted into the protein to create a holoenzyme for use or a zymogen for storage

Answer 51

Golgi and ER

Question 52

________ stores the pattern, and the ________ animates the Jing to express these patterns.

Answer 52

Jing; Shen

Question 53

A double-strand, helical nucleic acid with a backbone of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate with 4 nitrogenous bases.

Answer 53

DNA

Question 54

A single-strand nucleic acid that develops 3 different forms.

Answer 54

RNA

Question 55

The backbone is ribose sugar and phosphate with 4 nitrogenous bases.

Answer 55

RNA

Question 56

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases for DNA?

Answer 56

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

Question 57

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases for RNA?

Answer 57

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil

Question 58

What are the 3 common forms of RNA?

Answer 58

rRNA (ribosomal) mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer)

Question 59

What can RNA also form?

Answer 59

Ribozymes

Question 60

What are the 2 structures of nitrogenous bases and how many rings do they contain?

Answer 60

Purine - 2 rings | Pyrimidine - 1 ring

Question 61

A nitrogenous base bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar.

Answer 61

Nucleosides

Question 62

Nucleosides bonded to one or more phosphate groups.

Answer 62

Nucleotides

Question 63

Free-floating __________ in the nucleus are incorporated into DNA or RNA when these nucleic acids are replicated.

Answer 63

Nucleotides

Question 64

What is the chain formed when nucleotides in a nucleic acid are bonded between phosphate and sugar?

Answer 64

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 65

What bonds between nitrogenous bases form their specific couples (DNA, tRNA, rRNA or ribozymes)?

Answer 65

Hydrogen bonds

Question 66

What is formed with 2 strands of nucleic acids?

Answer 66

DNA

Question 67

What are the complements of nitrogenous bases for DNA?

Answer 67

Adenine pairs with Thymine | Guanine pairs with Cytosine

Question 68

Where is the code for a protein's amino acid sequence stored in?

Answer 68

DNA

Question 69

What does the cell use to move the coded sequence away from DNA?

Answer 69

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 70

(T/F) The mRNA is decoded in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where proteins are transcribed from the mRNA code.

Answer 70

False - proteins are translated from mRNA code.

Question 71

When the cell uses mRNA to move coded sequence away from DNA, keeping DNA's involvement to a minimum, thus ________ the genes.

Answer 71

Conserving

Question 72

What enzyme is used to unzip DNA, which also "reads" the DNA code?

Answer 72

Replicase

Question 73

When replicase enzyme "reads" the DNA code, it _________ a mRNA strand from the revealed code.

Answer 73

Transcribes

Question 74

When DNA is rezippered close, it is _________ genetic code.

Answer 74

Conserving

Question 75

The "writing" of the DNA genetic code into RNA.

Answer 75

Transcription

Question 76

What enzyme is used in transcription?

Answer 76

RNA polymerase enzyme

Question 77

RNA polymerase enzyme is similar to another enzyme.

Answer 77

Replicase

Question 78

What is the name given to the DNA packed into a cell's nucleus?

Answer 78

Chromatin

Question 79

What structure tightly pack and wind DNA into chromatin?

Answer 79

Proteins

Question 80

(T/F) Chromatin creates stability, organization and protection for the cell's storage of the genetic code.

Answer 80

True

Question 82

What are formed when a cell is about to divide?

Answer 82

Chromosomes

Question 83

How do chromatins typically exist as?

Answer 83

a mass of coil

Question 84

List in order how chromatin are stored from DNA to chromosome.

Answer 84

1) DNA - double helix 2) Histone proteins 3) Nucleosome - start to make helix 4) Condensed fiber 5) Chromatin

Question 85

The DNA double helix wraps around a bundle of __________ ___________.

Answer 85

histone proteins

Question 86

Histone proteins then wraps into a ball-like structure called a _______

Answer 86

nucleosome

Question 87

Nucleosomes for the next level of structure by condensing into another helical structure called the ___________ ___________

Answer 87

condensed fiber

Question 88

The spiral thread of condensed fiber forms a larger level of structure as it bundles itself into __________.

Answer 88

chromatin

Question 89

What is active chromatin that gets transcribed regularly and is less compacted?

Answer 89

euchromatin

Question 90

What is genetic code that is conserved, almost never accessed for transcription, and is densely compacted in the nucleus?

Answer 90

heterochromatin

Question 91

Human chromosomes have _____ strands of chromatin, linked by a ________, which is made of ________.

Answer 91

2; centromere; microtubules

Question 92

(T/F) It is only briefly during mitosis or meiosis where the chromatin condenses into "X"-shaped chromosomes.

Answer 92

True

Question 93

What is the name of the DNA structure that are the chief protein components of chromatin?

Answer 93

Histones

Question 94

What DNA structure act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gen regulation?

Answer 94

Histones

Question 95

RNA transcription of protein code from DNA is much simpler than DNA replication, using what enzyme?

Answer 95

RNA Polymerase

Question 96

(T/F) Only 1 set of RNA is made by 1 RNA polymerase enzyme will be employed for each section of DNA being transcribed.

Answer 96

False - Multiple sets of RNA is made by multiple RNA polymerase enzymes

Question 97

What enzyme does the following: 1) find the site of code on the DNA that is to be transcribed 2) unzips the DNA 3) replicates the DNA using RNA nucleotides 4) and re-zips the DNA

Answer 97

RNA polymerase

Question 98

The RNA produced will be processed by splicing enzymes and ribozymes into?

Answer 98

either mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA

Question 99

(T/F) Polymerase enzymes use very little amounts of ATP to perform their work.

Answer 99

False - Polymerase enzymes use copious amounts of ATP.

Question 100

RNA Polymerase is responsible for __________ DNA code into RNA, allowing protein codes to get to the cytoplasm for protein manufacture.

Answer 100

transcribing