Lecture 7: Nitrogen Structures Flashcards by Donna Hernandez

What are the 3 major nitrogen-containing building blocks?

1) Amino Acids
2) Porphyrins
3) Nucleotides

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What are small, specific amines that build proteins?

Amino Acids

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What are nitrogen-containing ring structures that chelate a metal ion in the center of the ring?

Porphyrins

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What are the subunit/monomers for nucleic acids, which provide information storage and processing molecules for creating genetic material?

Nucleotides

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What genetic material is created by nucleotides?

DNA and RNA

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What are the components of Amino Acids?

1) amino group
2) R-group (aliphatic or aromatic group)
3) carboxyl group (COOH)

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(T/F) A monopeptide is the primary structure a cell makes.

False - a cell initially makes a polypeptide

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Once a polypeptide develops its secondary and tertiary structure by folding, it becomes a _______

protein

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(T/F) Proteins are amides.

True - amide or peptide bonds join two amino acids

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What process forms amide/peptide bonds where water is released?

dehydration synthesis

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What essential tripeptide is the cell’s major antioxidant molecule?

glutathione

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Where does glutathione function to relieve oxidative stress?

in the cytoplasm of the cell

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In humans, how many specific amino acids are used in making proteins?

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Of the 20 amino acids, humans have the genetic code/enzymes to synthesize _____, but need to acquire ______ of these from food protein.

12 and 8

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What are 8 of the 20 amino acids from food protein called?

essential amino acids

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In animal systems, only ____ -form enantiomer amino acids and only _____-chiral amino acids are incorporated into proteins.

L-form and alpha-chiral

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_______-_________ _______ protein conformations apply cysteine and methionine.

sulfur-containing amino

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cysteine and methionine are important in protein folding and integrity by forming ______ _______.

disulfide bridges

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Net charge on aminos can be negative, neutral or positive and cause ___________ and __________ when the polypeptide folds into a protein.

attraction and repulsion

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On charged or uncharged molecules, net charge on aminos can be: _______, _______, or _______.

negative, neutral or positive

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Some aminos will more readily form ______ ______ between each other than others, affecting the protein conformation.

hydrogen bonds

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___________ & _____________ amino conformations attract or repulse with each other as the protein folds.

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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Enzymes, structural proteins, movement, messengers/hormones/regulatory molecules, transport, defense and providing nutrient storage are all _____ __ _______.

roles of protein

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A polypeptide that is produced by a ribosome, is a linear unfolded chain of amino acids linked with peptide bonds.

Primary structure or 1st degree of the protein.

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The next form of Hydrogen bonding between specific amino units which begin the folding process of proteins.

Secondary structure or 2nd degree of the protein

This even further folding of polypeptide, as a disulfide bonds, charge attractions/repulsions, and hydrophobic/hydrophilic attractions are lined up.

Tertiary structure or 3rd degree of a protein

When 2 or more tertiary proteins form similar weak bonds between each other - creating massive, multi-protein molecules.

Quaternary structures or 4th degree of a protein

What are 2 examples of a quaternary structure?

- Hemoglobin in blood | - Immunoglobulins

What are the sites called within the macromolecule where the catalytic work of the enzyme takes place?

Active sites

What are the molecules that will be acted upon by the enzyme?

Substrates

(T/F) Splitting or joining molecules and flipping conformation occur in active sites.

True

_________ and ________ are often part of or introduced into the site, facilitating reactivity.

Coenzymes and cofactors.

What are some examples of coenzymes and cofactors?

ATP, vitamins, ions and porphyrins

What enzymes hydrolyze proteins and release amino acids into the bloodstream via small intestine absorption?

Protease

____________ are a complex heterocyclic amine molecule that plays an important role in enzymes and the enzyme-related process?

Porphyrins

What is the most notable ability of a porphyrin?

Chelate metal ions onto their structure

Cyanocobalamin is a variation of vitamin B-12. What does it chelate?

Cobalt

A metal ion that has numerous valence states, and is polychromatic.

Cobalt

What is the fourth major class of biological molecules?

Nucleic Acids

Why was "nucleo-" used in the term for nucleic acids?

Genetic material is found in the nucleus of cells

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What are the chains of nucleotides composed of?

Phosphate-sugar backbone

What are phosphate-sugar backbones composed of?

Either ribose or deoxyribose sugars and phosphate (PO4)

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

- Ribonucleic acid (RNA) utilizing ribose | - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) utilizing deoxyribose

Nucleotides are composed of 3 subunits:

1) Nitrogenous base 2) Monosaccharide 3) Phosphate group

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous base?

Purine or pyrimidine

As monomers, nucleotides form:

ATP

As dimers, nucleotides form:

NADH or FAD

Where are nucleotides created?

Cell nucleus

glutamic acid, cysteine & Glycine make up ______________

Glutathione

Glutathione _________ when you are stressed

drops

Citrulline is found in citrus and watermelon, it is a ________ ____________ messenger hormone

Nitrous Oxide (NO)

___________, also found in egg whites, are abundant in hemoglobin and are delivered as soon as they are needed within the body

Albimun

Actin and Myosin are proteins that aid in __________ & ____________ movement

tendon and muscle

When repelling, hydrophobic aminos create a ______/_______ for enzymatic action

gap/space

Hydrophilic aminos have an ______________ charge that forms an s-type of wave to fold proteins

asymmetric

The classifications of amino acids fall into two dual-category columns: _________ & ___________ AND _________& _________

Essential & Non-Essential AND Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic

__________ & ____________ are the two nitrogen containing structures of nitrogenous bases

Purine & Pyramidine

A Purine basic structure has _____ nitrogenous rings

two

A Pyrimidine basic structure has _____ nitrogenous ring

one

___________ bases can contain one ring of Cytosine or one ring of DNA (only) or one ring of RNA (only)

Pyrimidine

_______________ bases contain two rings, one of Guanine (GTP) and one of Adenine (ATP)

Purine

The sugars in nucleosides or nucleotides are either ____________ or ___________. NO other sugar monomers are used in nucleosides or nucleotides.

Ribose (RNA) or Deoxyribose (DNA)

In a phosphate group the _____ _____ will flip. It's filled with energy and pushes enzymes to operate.

double bond

___________, a group of purines, form very common molecules in nature like plant pigments and caffeine.

Xanthines

Two forms of Xanthines are __________ and _________

caffein & Adenosine

Deoxyadenosine & deoxycytosine are base pairs of _______

DNA

_______________ are the 2nd step in building nucleotides. They are a nitrogenous base plus a ribose and deoxyribose.

Nucleosides

__________________ of nucleosides by bonding a phosphate group completes the formation of nucleotides from nucleosides

Phosphorylation

Antiviral nucleosides have been developed to fight illnesses like _______

AIDS

Nucleoside analogs are accidentally incorporated into HIV's RNA causing _________ errors as the virus tries to reproduce

translation

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are intermediaries of _______ in ______________

ATP in metabolism

____________ is used as a base for some of the most important molecules in the cell (ATP, NADH & cAMP).

Adenosine

_______ is a messenger molecule used in the cytoplasm, regulating cell metabolism by stimulating energy use.

cAMP

Caffeine prevents ______ from being degraded, thus keeping cellular activity higher than what is natural

cAMP

cAMP __________(higher concentrations) or _________(lowered concentrations) cellular metabolism depending on concentrations.

increases or slows

_____________ inhibits an enzyme called phosphodiesterase

Caffeine

_____ & _____ are linear, unbranched chains of bonded nucleotides.

DNA & RNA

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Thymine are nucleotide bases of _____

DNA

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Uracil are nucleotide bases of _____

RNA

Nucleotides are bonded between their sugar & phosphate moieties, forming a _______-_________ ____________

sugar-phosphate backbone

DNA forms a ______ ________ because there is a paired spiraling of the two strands

double helix

___________ bonds form between the two bases of DNA

Hydrogen

In DNA bonds, Adenine pairs with __________ & vice versa and Cytosine pairs with __________ & vice versa

Adenine - - Thymine; Cytosine - - Guanine

In RNA bonds, Adenine pairs with __________ & vice versa and Cytosine pairs with __________ & vice versa

Adenine - - Uracil; Cytosine - - Guanine

DNA duplicate strands are carefully recorded in tact and formed by the action of _______ __________

repair enzymes

____________ get into the genetic code in the repair enzyme process

Mutations

DNA has one function - to be a __________ __________ for genetic data

storage molecule

RNA has three distinct types of functions: ___________RNA, __________RNA & ____________RNA

Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA & Messenger RNA

______ is a workhorse for nucleic acids

RNA

______ & ________ structures are usually folded and hydrogen bonded

rRNA & tRNA

________ exists as an open unbonded strand

mRNA

rRNA is made in the ______ _________

cell nucleus

rRNA are also known as ____________, as their roles in the cell are exactly like an _________

ribozymes; enzyme

A hammerhead ribozyme _________ RNA

splices

mRNA is a single-strand _______ ____ . It is transcribed from _____ in the nucleus and is a sense copy of one (antisense) strand of the double strand.

nucleic acid; DNA

mRNA carries the protein code from the nucleus to the cell's manufactories as information packets called ________

codons

_________ serve as an intermediate in mRNA strands

codons

_______ is a short nucleic acid, an oddly folded, single strand of RNA bases

tRNA

There are ______ different tRNA's which code for each of the _____ amino acids used in human protein.

20; 20

The ____________ is the 3-base portion of the chain which matches up to the _________ on messenger RNA

anticodon; codon

The ______________ in tRNA will be different for the 20 types of specific amino acids

Anticodon

In protein synthesis, ______ is formed by the ___-_______ (polypeptide development site)

ATP; P-site