Week 2: Inorganic Chem Concepts & Intro to Organic Chem

Question 1

Biological systems operate under the _______ and _______ of the properties of solids, liquids, and gases by the laws of chemistry and physics.

Answer 1

advantages

constraints

Question 2

H2O is a da spectacular medium for life to thrive, because it is dynamic, being polar, and because it ________ so many substances.

Answer 2

solubilizes

Question 3

In liquids and gaseous environments, where molecules can circulate easily amongst themselves.

Answer 3

random motion

Question 4

Following random motion, this law explains the desire of matter and energy to equilibrate if not constrained.

Answer 4

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 5

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is also commonly referred to as?

Answer 5

entropy

Question 6

What is the random motion of molecules in it’s confining container?

Answer 6

Brownian Motion

Question 7

A subcategory of diffusion where the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density.

Answer 7

Concentration Gradient

Question 8

2-dimensional measurement of a surface.

Answer 8

Surface area

Question 9

(T/F) Red blood cells have high surface area.

Answer 9

False - RBC have small surface area, b/c their shape is simple and smooth

Question 10

(T/F) Neurons have a high surface area.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

_________ _________ takes place when molecules and/or atoms interact and a change in one or more molecules or atoms occurs.

Answer 11

chemical reaction

Question 12

A substance intimately involved with a reaction which, without the use of energy, causes a reaction to occur.

Answer 12

catalyst

Question 13

________ are primary biological catalysts.

Answer 13

Enzymes

Question 14

The amount of energy needed to start a reaction.

Answer 14

activation energy

Question 15

The speed of a reaction to completion.

Answer 15

rate of reaction

Question 16

What do the following molecules yield: Na+OH- + H+Cl-

sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid

Answer 16

Na+Cl- (sodium chloride) and H+2O-2 (water)

Question 17

Oxidants are damaging to tissues because they react with atom(s) of a molecule and change the molecule, which changes the _______ ________ and/or the electrochemistry of the molecule.

Answer 17

conformational structure

Question 18

A molecule that strips electrons from biological molecules. They keep their electrons, leaving molecules in an oxidized state.

Answer 18

Toxin

Question 19

A molecule that restores electrons to an environment and are inherently recycled so that they can re-donate electrons again and again.

Answer 19

Antioxidant

Question 20

What is the chemistry of an atom’s nucleus?

Answer 20

Nuclear chemistry

Question 21

The result of decay of an atom’s nucleus.

Answer 21

Radioactivity

Question 22

An element having differing numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.

Answer 22

isotope

Question 23

Some isotopes of some elements are unstable, and release ________ __________ into the environment

Answer 23

decay particles

Question 24

________ and ________ are metals, relatives of sodium and potassium - all with the same valance state. Their unstable isotopes are created by the disintegration of uranium from fission.

Answer 24

cesium

strontium

Question 25

List the 4 major types of decay particles from atomic disintegration.

Answer 25

1) beta particles 2) positron emission 3) gamma rays 4) alpha particles

Question 26

What are the 4 major types of decay products called?

Answer 26

ionizing radiation

Question 27

Radiation damages atoms and molecules by

Answer 27

1) disrupting electron cloud and bonds to other atoms, causing oxidative stress 2) can damage an atomic nucleus by absorption of a neutron in a stable isotope - creating a radioactive, unstable isotope

Question 28

List the 4 types of radiation and what they do:

Answer 28

1) Beta Particles - high energy electrons with a negative charge 2) Alpha Particles - weak radiation (no electrons), and disperses quickly 3) Positron emissions - electrons with positive charge 4) Gamma Rays - very high energy and dangerously destructive particle emissions

Question 29

Organic chemistry is based on molecules and compounds that contain the element?

Answer 29

carbon

Question 30

What are the most common elements in organic compounds are?

Answer 30

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen

Question 31

Other elements will bond in varying ways to the 4 common elements in organic compounds.

Answer 31

sulfur and phosphorus

Question 32

(T/F) Carbon compounds are exclusively bonded with covalent bonds.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Not technically bonded, but held in place within an enzyme or porphyrin structure.

Answer 33

chelated

Question 34

List the Greek number names from 1 - 8.

Answer 34

``` "meth-" "eth-" "prop-" "but-" "pent-" "hex-" "hept-" "oct-" ```

Question 35

What is the Latin prefix that indicates a 2-carbon chain?

Answer 35

"acet-"

Question 36

``` The suffix of a molecule's name usually tells what class of organic molecule belongs to. What do the following suffix mean? "-ol" "-ase" "-ose" "-amine" ```

Answer 36

alcohol enzyme sugar amino acid

Question 37

What element has a valence of -4 and always has it's 4 bonds filled, and always bonds covalently?

Answer 37

Carbon

Question 38

Organic molecules can dissolve in water (affinity with water).

Answer 38

Hydrophilicity

Question 39

Organic molecules that cannot dissolve in water (fear of water).

Answer 39

Hydrophobicity

Question 40

Molecules that are more solid and dense because they have more hydrogen atoms bonded to the molecule per carbon.

Answer 40

Saturated molecules

Question 41

Molecules that are more liquid and light because they have less hydrogen per carbon.

Answer 41

Unsaturated molecules

Question 42

Many organic molecules that exist in both right- and left-handed mirror image configurations.

Answer 42

enantiomers

Question 43

Organic molecules that have a right-configuration.

Answer 43

"D-" form (dextrorotatory)

Question 44

Organic molecules that have a left-configuration.

Answer 44

"L-" form (levorotatory)

Question 45

Amino acids used in biological systems use this configuration.

Answer 45

L-form

Question 46

Sugar molecules used in biological systems use this configuration.

Answer 46

R-form

Question 47

The first division of organic molecules?

Answer 47

aliphatic | aromatic

Question 48

Aliphatic molecules are based on what backbone?

Answer 48

C-C-C (carbon-carbon-carbon) linear backbone

Question 49

Aliphatic molecules are further divided into the following molecules?

Answer 49

alkane (single bond) alkene (double bond) alkyne (triple bond)

Question 50

Aromatic molecules are based on?

Answer 50

benzene ring structure

Question 51

What is the formula for benzene?

Answer 51

C6H6 (3 double bonds between the six carbons which form the ring)

Question 52

What is an alkane or alkene attached to a primary molecular structure.

Answer 52

alkyl group

Question 53

(T/F) Alkanes are saturated.

Answer 53

True

Question 54

(T/F) Alkenes and alkynes are saturated.

Answer 54

False - these are both unsaturated or polysaturated