Lecture 11 - Energy Generation Part II Flashcards by Donna Hernandez

_______ ________ refers to the combined processes of the Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Phosphorylation - Steps 3 and 4.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

Step 1 - Pyruvate decarboxylation
Step 2 - Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle
Step 3 - Electron Transport Chain
Step 4 - ADP to ATP Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do all activities of the 4 stages of aerobic respiration occur in the mitochondrion?

Step 1 and Step 2 - matrix

Step 3 and Step 4 - cristae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Resulting in an efficient generation of ATP for cellular energy supply from ______ and ______.

carbon; oxygen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 3 driving forces result in an efficient generation of ATP for cellular energy supply from carbon and oxygen?

1) driving enzymatic anabolism and catalysis
2) driving membrane transport proteins
3) driving molecule and macromolecule manufacture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is just a hydrogen atom, stripped of its electron so has a positive (+1) charge.

Proton, hydrogen ion and H+

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An electron that has a negative (-1) charge.

Electron and e-

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A single oxygen atom usually has a -2 (negative) charge: O-2.

Oxygen and O2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An oxygen molecule with a -1 (negative) charge: O2-1

superoxide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is another term for water?

H2O

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the products of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase/Decarboxylation step and where are they released?

1 NADH and 1 CO2 released to matrix;

1 acetyl group enters Krebs via ACA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle step and where are they released?

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 released to matrix;

succinic acid is produced as a step and released to the matrix

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Transfer of electrons through the ETC produces an abundance of ______ ______.

H+ ions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ATP Synthase Phosphorylation produces _____ from matrix supply of _______ by harnessing ______ gradient.

ATP; ADP; H+

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does the ETC concentrate H+ ions (protons) in what part of mitochondria?

inter-membrane space

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ETC concentration of H+ ions are done by a complex of passing _______ through the 4 membrane enzyme complexes.

electrons (e-)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The concentrated H+ in the inter-membrane space is allowed to leak back into the mitochondrial matrix by _______ _______ enzyme

ATP synthase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This desire of H+ to equilibrate across the membrane ________ ________ drives the enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

concentration gradient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do enzymes phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

by adding a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The concentration gradient creates sufficient energy to bond high-energy phosphate needed in making _______________.

ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ETC is a series of 4 enzyme complexes, along with what cofactors?

iron-sulfur clusters
metal ions
cytochrome c
ubiquinone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the ETC, the 4 enzyme complexes are large and varying complexes, which remove electrons from _________ which creates _____ for ________ ________.

hydrogen; H+; oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the ETC, the 4 enzyme complexes are also?

H+ pumps

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the ETC, what are the name of these complexes?

I, II, III, and IV

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the ETC, what are the primary pathways?

I - III - IV

In the ETC, which complex begins the transport of electrons?

complex I

From Complex I, where do these electrons then pass through?

ubiquinone > Fe-S clusters > Complex III > Cytochrome C > Complex IV

In the ETC, what are the second pathways?

II - III - IV

In the ETC, _______ ______ passes electrons to Complex II?

succinic acid

The electrons are finally reacted with ______ in complex ______, forming _____.

oxygen; complex IV; water

(T/F) Oxygen is utilized in only 1 step in 1 way in aerobic respiration.

False - it's used in 2 steps in 2 different ways.

ETC's are considered what kind of functions?

quaternary functions

What is Complex I?

NADH dehydrogenase

Where is NADH dehydrogenase located in the mitochondrion?

cristae membrane

NADH dehydrogenase performs several operations to move electrons; what 2 cofactors are used?

- flavin mononucleotide (FMN) | - Fe-S clusters

NADH dehydrogenase pumps 4 ____ from the matrix into the inter-membrane space.

H+

NADH dehydrogenase oxidizes _____ and _____ and passes those hydrogen onto _______..

NADH; FADH2; ubiquinone

NADH dehydrogenase hydrolyzes the ubiquinone to _______.

ubiquinol

_______ is a non-polar, vitamin-like coenzyme and antioxidant, found primarily in _______.

ubiquinone; mitochondria

Ubiquinone accepts electrons from ______ _______ (as hydrogen) and becomes ________.

NADH dehydrogenase; ubiquinol (QH2)

Ubiquinone diffuse laterally through the non-polar layer of the ______ membrane.

cristae

Ubiquinone unloads its electrons to what complex?

Complex III

What is Complex III called?

Cytochrome bc1 complex

What complexes are embedded in Complex I, II, and in the Rieske iron-sulfur protein subunit of Complex III?

iron-sulfur clusters

The Fe-S clusters accept the _____ (of hydrogen) from ______.

electrons; ubiquinol

When Fe-S clusters accept electrons, where are they then passed into?

other subunits of Complex III

Cytochrome bc1 complex is what type of enzyme?

multi-subunit

What enzyme is Complex III?

Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase

___________ __ is highly water soluble (polar) and is utilized in the ETC.

Cytochrome C

Cytochrome C moves through the inter-membrane space to transport electrons to Complex ____ from Complex ______, which carries ____ electron with its iron-heme center.

IV; III; 1

What enzyme is in Complex IV?

Cytochrome C Oxidase

Cytochrome C Oxidase is another multi-subunit (13) ______ enzyme complex.

quaternary

Cytochrome C Oxidase contains numerous active sites and uses ______, _______, and _______ as cofactors?

copper, magnesium, and zinc

Cytochrome C Oxidase pumps excess _____ into the inter-membrane space to increase to potential energy in the "______" of that space.

H+; battery

Cytochrome C Oxidase takes _____ and uses it as an _______ ______.

O2; electron acceptor

What is the second use of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

electron acceptor

What enzyme is Complex II?

Succinate Dehydrogenase

This enzyme is used in the Krebs Cycle and is the only enzyme of the Krebs Cycle embedded in the cristae membrane.

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Succinate Dehydrogenase has a dual use: (1) passing ______ from _______ in the Krebs cycle directly into the ETC.

hydrogen; succinate

Succinate Dehydrogenase has a dual use: (2) it then is reworked into ________ for the next step of Krebs.

fumarate

During Complex II, succinate donates ______ to ____ which becomes FADH2.

hydrogen; FAD+

During Complex II, FADH2 is then transfers its' ______ to _______

hydrogen; ubiquinone

During Complex II, ubiquinone enters the ETC at Complex ____, proceeding then to Complex _____

III; IV

What enzyme is Complex I?

NADH Dehydrogenase

NADH Dehydrogenase is a ____-subunit enzyme.

NADH Dehydrogenase oxidizes _____, passes the electrons from the hydrogen through ______ ______ and _____ clusters onto ubiquinone.

NADH; flavin mononucleotide; Fe-S clusters

During NADH Dehydrogenase, the ____ ions are pumped into the inter-membrane space, and _____ moves onto Complex ____.

H+; ubiquinone; III

Complex III removes the hydrogens/electrons from ______ and passes the elctrons onto ______ ___.

ubiquinol (QH2); Cytochrome C (Cyt)

During Complex III, there are 2 steps that doubles the usefulness of _______.

ubiquinone

During Complex III, _____ is recycled to ______ which picks up more hydrogens/electrons from Complexes ___ and ____.

ubiquinol; ubiquinone; I; III

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase accepts electrons from ______ ___, which reduces ______.

cytochrome c; oxygen

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase takes up ____ from the matrix, pumping it into the _________ space.

H+; inter-membrane space

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase uses its' _____ and ____ cofactors, to split _____.

copper; heme; oxygen

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase when oxygen is split, it will take up the _____, ending ETC.

electrons

During Complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase creates ______, which is released into the _____, and deposits ____ into the inter-membrane space.

water; matrix; H+

During Complex II, succinate dehydrogenase is part of the _____ _____ and ______.

Krebs Cycle; ETC

Succinate from Krebs is processed by ______ _______ to pass on hydrogen ions to _____, making ____.

succinate dehydrogenase; FAD; FADH2

During Complex II, FADH2 is quickly ______, release its hydrogen to _____.

oxidized; ubiquinone

During Complex II, ubiquinone becomes _______, and passes to Complex _____, adding ___ electrons to the chain.

ubiquinol; III; 2

During Complex II, _____ is formed from _______, and returns to the Krebs Cycle.

fumarate; succinate

What is the 4th step in aerobic respiration?

ATP Synthase and Oxidative Phosphorylation

The final step in energy/ATP generation utilizes the highly acid (____) environment of the inter-membrane space as a _____ for potential energy.

H+; battery

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, _____ and _________ groups are produced in abundance throughout the cell.

ADP (adenosine diphosphate); phosphate groups

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, the break down of _____ is used to fuel the multitude of enzymatic and non-enzymatic tasks ______ enables

ATP

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, molecules are selectively transported in through the mitochondrion's ______ into the ______ as substrates for Oxidative Phosphorylation.

porins; matrix

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, _______ ________ is a giant quaternary enzyme embedded in the cristae membrane.

ATP Synthase

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, the cristae membrane has an opening on the inter-membrane space, where it channels ____ through the complex.

H+

ATP synthase is a complex enzyme that rotates in response to the _____ _____ of the inter-membrane space.

low pH

During step 4 of aerobic respiration, the rotation catalyses the synthesis of _____- from _____, which is released into the matrix, and transported out of the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm.

ATP; ADP

ATP synthase rotation in production of ____ from _____.

ATP; ADP

Glycolysis (anaerobic respiration) releases a net ___ ATP per glucose molecule.

Aerobic respiration releases a net _____ ATP per glucose molecule

Superoxide molecules form at Complex ___ and need superoxide _______ to reduce them.

Complex I; superoxide dismutase

Much ____ is needed to shunt the substrates of aerobic respiration into the mitochondrion via transport proteins.

ATP

List some transport proteins are used in aerobic respiration.

pyruvate, ACA, vitamins, ADP, mineral ions

Much _____ is used to build new enzymes damaged by respiration.

ATP

_____ ______ must be properly eliminated to keep pH balance in the cell.

carbon dioxide