Week 5: Biochemistry Of Carbohydrates

Question 0

What is another name for the 4 basic types of organic molecules?

Answer 0

Macromolecules

Question 1

What are the 4 basic types of organic molecules?

Answer 1

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

Question 2

(T/F) Macromolecules are small, bonded concatenations of small molecules.

Answer 2

False - they are giant, bonded concatenations of small molecules

Question 3

Macromolecules are composed of smaller ___________ (molecules characteristic of their class).

Answer 3

Subunit

Question 4

A primary biological macromolecules made from amino acids

Answer 4

Proteins

Question 5

A primary biological macromolecule made from sugars.

Answer 5

Carbohydrates

Question 6

A primary biological macromolecule made from aliphatic chains and sterol.

Answer 6

Lipids

Question 7

A primary biological macromolecule made from nucleotides.

Answer 7

Nucleic Acids

Question 8

What does the suffix “-ose” mean?

Answer 8

Molecule that is a sugar or carbohydrate.

Question 9

What are macromolecular-sized carbohydrates that are made of repeating subunits of sugars?

Answer 9

Starches

Question 10

What is the characteristic structure of a monosaccharide sugar?

Answer 10

• ring of 4 or 5 carbon atoms with 1 oxygen atom included in the ring
• with numerous OH- (hydroxyl) groups attached to the ring

Question 11

What is the base biological sugar that was converted from starch and sugars used for energy production?

Answer 11

Glucose

Question 12

What are single sugar moieties or subunit building blocks?

Answer 12

Monosaccharide

Question 13

________ are 2 monosaccharide bonded by an oxygen bridge, using a __________ ___________ reaction.

Answer 13

Disaccharides

Dehydration synthesis

Question 14

What are 2 monomers that are bonded?

Answer 14

Dimers

Question 15

A small length polysaccharide with 3 to 10 sugar subunits.

Answer 15

Oligoaaccharide

Question 16

Plants create 3 major starch types:

Answer 16

1) amylose
2) amylopectin
3) cellulose

Question 17

A starch created by animals and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.

Answer 17

Glycogen

Question 18

What is the high energy storage molecule?

Answer 18

ATP

Question 19

What are the 2 distinct process that creat ATP?

Answer 19

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle / Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 20

Glucose exists as enantiomers. What are the 2?

Answer 20

L-glucose

D-glucose

Question 21

(T/F) Only L-glucose is used in biological systems for energy generation.

Answer 21

False - it’s D-glucose

Question 22

2 monosaccharides are bonded by an enzyme, one molecule of H2O is released, this process is called?

Answer 22

dehydration synthesis

Question 23

When an H2O molecule is released in sugar bonding, the process is called?

Answer 23

Glycosidic bond

Question 24

Starches and other polysaccharides are composed entirely of ________ __________ btwn monomers

Answer 24

Glycosidic bonds

Question 25

In a Glycosidic bond, one Hydroxyl group (OH-) and one H+ are removed, an ___________ bridge forms btwn 2 ring structures and H2O is released

Answer 25

Oxygen

Question 26

Dehydration synthesis releases water into the cytoplasm. ITs opposite reaction is called ________

Answer 26

Hydrolysis

Question 27

Hydrolysis is known as a _________ process where water is needed to help with the breakdown process

Answer 27

Catabolic

Question 28

Starches are usually composed of ______ type of monomer

Answer 28

one

Question 29

Sucrose are usually composed of _______ types of monomers

Answer 29

two

Question 30

T/F Starches are generally not readily soluble in water.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

___________ is a water soluble starch, and is broken down by __________. a common salivary and intestinal enzyme

Answer 31

Amylose; Amylase

Question 32

Amylose is made up a long-chain plant starch of ________ __________

Answer 32

glucose monomers

Question 33

The animal starch storage molecule is known as ______________

Answer 33

Glycogen

Question 34

The generation of glycogen from monomers is called ____________

Answer 34

Glycogenesis

Question 35

Glycogen has a _________ core which makes it special.

Answer 35

Protein

Question 36

Hydrogen bonds in cellulose are ________ attractions of hydrogen to adjacent oxygen

Answer 36

weak

Question 37

The exoskeletons of insects are made of _______

Answer 37

Chitin

Question 38

This is known as Animal starch as a protective cover....

Answer 38

Chitin

Question 39

Chitin is made up of repeating monomers of _________ ______________, a sugar-amino monomer

Answer 39

N-acetyl(2) glucosamine

Question 40

A chondroitin sulfate is a polysaccharide that has _______ different monomers

Answer 40

two

Question 41

This process of chemical reactions allows organisms to nourish themselves, reproduce & grow, build and re-build structure and respond to environmental changes

Answer 41

Metabolism

Question 42

Catabolic processes ______ ________ molecules & macromolecules to harvest nutrition & energy

Answer 42

break down

Question 43

Metabolic processes are classified as ________ or __________

Answer 43

catabolic or anabolic

Question 44

Anabolic processes _________ molecules & macromolecules in a process called biosynthesis. Stores glycogen and fat.

Answer 44

build

Question 45

ATP is produced in the _______ ____________ process of metabolism

Answer 45

Aerobic respiration

Question 46

Aerobic Respiration has ____ steps

Answer 46

four

Question 47

_________________ are the most commonly used molecules to generate cellular energy

Answer 47

Carbohydrates

Question 48

Cellular energy primarily drives the activity of ___________

Answer 48

Enzymes

Question 49

Carbohydrates in the form of glucose, fuel the systems that create _____

Answer 49

ATP

Question 50

Two methods to generate ATP are 1. ___________ and the more effective (19x more) ATP created 2. ___________ followed by Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 50

1. Glycolysis & 2. Eukaryote Kreb's Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle

Question 51

The utilization of glucose and other small molecules to create ATP is called _________ respiration. Can occur in presence of Oxygen or not.

Answer 51

cellular

Question 52

Anaerobic Respiration takes place without ____, and is called Glycolysis

Answer 52

O2

Question 53

Aerobic respiration requires _____, but produces an abundance of ATP and carbon dioxide.

Answer 53

O2

Question 54

The most common fuels for Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration processes are _____ & ______

Answer 54

glucose & fructose

Question 55

_____ ___-glucose gets into respiration

Answer 55

Beta D-glucose

Question 56

____________ go thru a catabolic process to fuel aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Answer 56

Macromolecules

Question 57

Polysaccharide starches are broken down by enzymatic action and ________________

Answer 57

Hydrolyzed

Question 58

Proteins are broken down by ______________, enzymes active in the stomach acid

Answer 58

Proteases

Question 59

Lipids are broken down by ________ after the have been dissolved in bile acids

Answer 59

Lipases

Question 60

The suffix "ase" indicates an _______

Answer 60

Enzyme

Question 61

In step one of general metabolism - Large Carbohydrates are degraded into _______ _______

Answer 61

simple sugars

Question 62

In step 2 of general metabolism - Sugars enter Glycolysis and form ________ + 2ATP + NADH

Answer 62

Pyruvate

Question 63

In step 3 of general metabolism - Pyruvate converts to ________ __________ A

Answer 63

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Question 64

In step 4 of general metabolism - Acetyl CoA enters _________ __________ cycle

Answer 64

Citric Acid

Question 65

In step 5 of general metabolism - ______ is produced from Oxidative Phosphorylation of Krebs products plus Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Answer 65

ATP

Question 66

Glycolysis metabolizes simple sugars to create __________ acid. B D-glucose is only simple sugar that enters glycolytic cycle.

Answer 66

Pyruvic

Question 67

When glucose is not immediately available, the body goes into survivor mode and starts an anabolic process called ______________. This process is regulated by insulin

Answer 67

Gluconeogenesis

Question 68

____________ acid is the important process of Glycolysis. IT will feed carbon into Krebs cycle.

Answer 68

Pyruvic

Question 69

Acetyl CoEnzyme A shunts carbon from Pyruvate into the ________ cycle

Answer 69

Krebs

Question 70

The Krebs cycle has a __________ Motion happening within it.

Answer 70

Brownian