Lecture 12

Question 1

what are the 2 basic elements used in insect collections?

Answer 1

sweep nets

aspirators

Question 2

sweep nets

Answer 2

use to sweep through vegetation

Question 3

aspirators

Answer 3

can suck an insect up

Question 4

beat sheeting

Answer 4

place a sheet on the ground, when insects feel threatened they move from high places (trees, grasses, shrubs etc.) & go towards the ground

The sheet will collect all the insects that have moved there

Question 5

malaise trap

Answer 5

insects fly & hit mesh, there’s a hole with collecting liquid that attracts the insects

Insects tend to move upwards & are attracted to the liquid

(looks like a tent)

Question 6

when is it useful to use a malaise trap?

Answer 6

to collect flying insects

Question 7

describe the collection process when using a black light & dish with soapy water

Answer 7

Simulates night time for the insects, they become active, fly into the soapy water & are stuck

Question 8

hand traps

Answer 8

pan or bowl-shaped, tend to collect flying insects, insects mistake them for flowers

Question 9

cores & funnel traps

Answer 9

a pot with leaf or soil material, has a light in it that dries out the material

initally, insects are attratced to the dark & moist area

Question 10

when is it useful to use a pitfall trap?

Answer 10

ground crawling insects

arthropods

attracting dung beetles (place dung in it)

Question 11

black lighting

Answer 11

have a dark room & shine a light on an area – will attract insects to that spot

(ex: scorpions)

Question 12

canopy fogging

Answer 12

place big nets under trees, gas the tree & everything will fall out

Question 13

what collection method is used when estimating how many diff species live in an area?

Answer 13

canopy fogging

Question 14

emergence traps

Answer 14

area of the ground has a tent over it

Question 15

when is it useful to use emergence traps? (3)

Answer 15

anything emerging from the ground

soil-dwelling insects

insects that have their nests under groud

Question 16

trap nests

Answer 16

barrels with hollow tubes of wood in them

insects like to nest in the cavities

Question 17

when are trap nests used?

Answer 17

to collect bees

Question 18

what is the importance of museum collections?

Answer 18

reference collections –> biodiversity & respository for types

teaching collection

historical record

wealth of undescribed species

Question 19

how do you know if you have found a new species?

Answer 19

need to be an expert in taxonomy - know everything old & new, visit museum collections

examine taxonomic characters: morphological, behavioral (hosts, phenology) & genetic

literature search - databases, biodiversity heritage library

Question 20

species description - diagnosis

Answer 20

how to recognize it

know how to separate it from related species

Question 21

species description - synonyms

Answer 21

other names for it (document literature)

Question 22

species description - material examined

Answer 22

data, key for reproducibility

Question 23

species description - description

Answer 23

physical description

required to reproduce

required to have a holotype: a specimen that best represents the species –> reference species

Question 24

species description - distribution

Answer 24

where it is found

Question 25

species description - variation

Answer 25

indiv diffs within a species

Question 26

species description - etymology

Answer 26

meaning of the name

Question 27

species description - images & illustrations

Answer 27

useful for recognition

Question 28

species description - key to species

Answer 28

quick identification table for distinguishing species

Question 29

allopatric speciation

Answer 29

barrier to gene flow/separation of lineages caused by a physical separation

Question 30

what are the 2 modes of allopatric speciation?

Answer 30

vicariant speciation peripatric speciation

Question 31

vicariant speciation ('dumbbell model')

Answer 31

pops are very similar but over time as diffs accumulate, they become distinct form the ancestral pop At some point, they can no longer exchange genes Pops don’t breed even if contact is restored

Question 32

peripatric speciation

Answer 32

pops differ dramatically in size Ex: a pop is transported to an island, identity of a pop may not change over time, but this separate little pop will become diff

Question 33

parapatric speciation

Answer 33

separated not by a geographical barrier, but by an extreme change in habitat, pops can interbreed but eventually develop differences

Question 34

what are the 2 main ways that a species arise?

Answer 34

allopatric speciation parapatric speciation

Question 35

what is the evidence of speciation?

Answer 35

Close relatives with abutting distributions (weak) Discontinuities at ecotones (transition b/w ecosystems) Historical observations

Question 36

how does disruptive selection occur?

Answer 36

niche preference niche adaptation assortative mating

Question 37

disruptive selection

Answer 37

2 extremes being favoured, diverging away from the mean

Question 38

stabilizing selection

Answer 38

alleles don’t change, narrow in on mean & extremes become less common

Question 39

directional selection

Answer 39

• an extreme phenotype is favoured

Question 40

what type of speciatino did R. pomoniella experience & explain the process

Answer 40

sympatric speciation natrual host was the hawthorn fruit Europeans introduced the apple became an apple infesting host

Question 41

sympatric speciation

Answer 41

speciation in which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region

Question 42

biological species concept

Answer 42

reproductive isolation

Question 43

evolutionary species concept

Answer 43

unique evolutionary pathways

Question 44

phylogenetics species concept

Answer 44

defines a species as being a group sharing a common ancestor

Question 45

cynical species concept

Answer 45

a species is a species b/c a competent taxonomist said so

Question 46

species concept

Answer 46

what a species is

Question 47

species delimitation

Answer 47

sci of recognizing species

Question 48

species identification

Answer 48

assigning specimens/indivs to an existing species name