Lecture 8

Question 1

what order does the lady beetle belong to?

Answer 1

Coleoptera

Question 2

what family does the lady beetle belong to?

Answer 2

Coccinellidae

Question 3

How many species of lady beetles are in NA?

Answer 3

475

Question 4

How many genera of lady beetles are in NA?

Answer 4

75

Question 5

aposematic colouration

Answer 5

colouration to defend themselves from predators, “warns” predators that there is a negative effect when attacking them

Question 6

what type of poison do lady beetles produce?

Answer 6

alkaloids

Question 7

what are the alkaloids that lady beetles produce?

Answer 7

o Coccideline

o Hippodamine

Question 8

what do the alkaloids contain that causes a smelly & distasteful smell?

Answer 8

Nitrogen ring

Question 9

haemolymph reflex-bleeding

Answer 9

break skin (softer areas by the legs) when threatened & bleed out liquid contain poisonous alkaloid substances

Question 10

batesian mimicry

Answer 10

species resemble others to acquire protection

Question 11

Are colouration patterns species-specific?

Answer 11

Yes & no

Ex: 7-spoted lady beetle always have 7 spots

Question 12

what is significant about the Asian lady beetle?

Answer 12

polymorphism - multiple colourations

Question 13

what do all Asian lady beetles have?

Answer 13

4 dots in the pronotum

Question 14

polymorphism

Answer 14

indivs of the same species differ in their colour patterns, morphology, etc.

Question 15

Small lady beetles are young lady beetles?

Answer 15

no - size is irrelevant to age

Question 16

Old lady beetles have more spots than young lady beetles?

Answer 16

no, don’t add or remove any spots during their lifetime

Have the same number of spots from birth to death

Question 17

what type of development do lady beetles have?

Answer 17

metamorphosis or holohmetabolous

Question 18

where do lady beetles deposit their eggs?

Answer 18

on leaves & where there a lot of aphids

Question 19

how many larval stages do lady beetles have?

Answer 19

4

Question 20

what is the diet of a lady beetle?

Answer 20

aphids

generalists

cannibalistic - when N isn’t abundant, will ear larvae skin & egg covering

Question 21

How is the lady beetle’s diet utilized by humans?

Answer 21

to control Coccidae (Homoptera) populations, an agricultural pest

wax cover on them protects them from insecticides, therefore the lady beetles are used to control them

Question 22

Trophic eggs

Answer 22

a proportion are infertile eggs laid to feed offspring

Question 23

what does the Mexican bean beetle larvae look like?

Answer 23

yellow with hairs

Question 24

what species is related to the mexican bean beetle?

Answer 24

squash beetle

Question 25

what do the mexican bean beetles eat?

Answer 25

plants

Question 26

is the mexican bean beetle a pest?

Answer 26

only one species in NA that is a pest the rest beneficial

Question 27

how do lady beetles accomplish movement?

Answer 27

Larvae cannot walk, rely on mothers to be in a proper habitat Fly – unfold hard wings to fly

Question 28

how do lady beetles overwinter?

Answer 28

Aggregate as adults (not the 7 spotted lady beetle) overwinter in mountains - look for high places & crops in the spring they leave & find food

Question 29

what are the enemies? (5)

Answer 29

ants - protect aphids upon the arrival of lady beetles, bother lady beetles so they won't spiders True bugs (Hemiptera), aphids birds parasitoid wasp

Question 30

how does the parasitoid wasp use the lady beetle?

Answer 30

Lay eggs in the lady beetle, eggs hatch & larvae emerge from the lady beetle’s body Lady beetle protects the pupa of the parasitoid Lady beetles kick when something approaches to protect pupa Wasp triggers behavior in host but injecting the host with neurotoxins

Question 31

describe the origin of the 7 spotted lady beetle

Answer 31

native to europe introduced in USA to control aphids

Question 32

describe the habitat & abundance of the 7 spotted lady beetle

Answer 32

very abundant in MB habitat generalist

Question 33

describe the origin of the Asian lady beetle

Answer 33

native to Asia introduced in the USA following outbreaks of the soybean aphid

Question 34

describe the habitat of the Asian lady beetle

Answer 34

generalists, arboreal species

Question 35

what type of predator is the Asian lady beetle?

Answer 35

aggressive intra-guild predator (kill & eat competitors)

Question 36

where does the Asian lady beetle overwinter?

Answer 36

inside buildings

Question 37

describe the convergent lady beetle unique colouring

Answer 37

distinct pattern - 2 white marks on the pronotum

Question 38

describe overwintering in the convergent lady beetle

Answer 38

migrate to mountains in California