Lecture 26

Question 1

pollination

Answer 1

plant sex

Movement of pollen from anthers (male parts) to stigma (female parts)

Question 2

how is pollination accomplished? (self-pollination)

Answer 2

Pollen tubes grow into stigma to fertilize ovaries

Pollen goes to stigma, travels down style to reach the ovary

Question 3

what kind of pollination do blueberries rely on?

Answer 3

insect pollination

Question 4

self-pollination

Answer 4

pollen movement within plant

Question 5

cross-pollination

Answer 5

pollen movement b/w plants

Question 6

what form of pollination maintains genetic diversity?

Answer 6

cross-pollination

Question 7

is cross-pollination only accomplished by insects?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

why is wind a disadvantageous mechanism of cross-pollination?

Answer 8

there’s no direction of the wind so plants need to produce a lot more pollen

Question 9

______ of all flowering species are animal pollinated (mostly by insects)

Answer 9

87.5%

Question 10

how do insects know what flowers to pick to pollinate?

Answer 10

Many insects have floral constancy where they pick the same species of flower

Question 11

_____of food we eat comes from crops that benefit from insect pollination

Answer 11

~35%

Question 12

Insect pollination _______ the yield

Answer 12

increases

Question 13

what type of plant commenced insect pollination?

Answer 13

angiosperms

Question 14

early pollinators included what insects?

Answer 14

beetles & thrips

Question 15

what is an ex of a plant & insect spp that underwent coevolution?

Answer 15

bees & eudicots

Question 16

About _______ years ago bees originated which about the same time ______ diversified

Answer 16

100 million

angiosperms

Question 17

how many bee spp have been described?

Answer 17

20,000

Question 18

what characteristic of bees enables humans to farm them? how is this accomplished?

Answer 18

highly social

create artificial cavities for bees to nest

Question 19

most bees are solitary, meaning that ____

Answer 19

most bees don’t produce honey

Question 20

what type of development do bees have?

Answer 20

holometabolous

Question 21

describe the lifecycle of bees

Answer 21

Egg –> larvae consumes nectar –> pupae –> adult

Question 22

why do bees eat pollen?

Answer 22

to acquire PRO in order to develop eggs

Question 23

pollination syndrome

Answer 23

match morphology of the pollinator to attract pollinators

Question 24

how do insects respond to pollination syndrome?

Answer 24

Insects have floral consistency & visit the same spp

Question 25

what is an ex of floral signal convergence (pollination syndrome) across 3 diff insect & plant spp?

Answer 25

hummingbird – red with deep tubes Blue pink flowers release a chemical to attract bumble bees white flowers that release a chemical to attract moths

Question 26

how does an orchid accomplish insect pollination?

Answer 26

Orchid will produce a chemical equivalent to a female pheromone of a wasp or bee & the flower appears like a bee Male will try to mate with flower & p/u pollen

Question 27

how do plants attract flies for pollination?

Answer 27

mimic oviposition sites by releasing the smell of dead meat

Question 28

what did Darwin predict about the plant A. sesquipedale ?

Answer 28

has very long tubes where nectar is produced predicted a wasp with a very long tongue drank the nectar this moth was later found

Question 29

how does D. floribunda attract insects?

Answer 29

produces flower oils produced by bees used for offspring Bee has unusually long front legs to access the oils

Question 30

how does the Nolana blossom in Chile attract insects?

Answer 30

bees nest in dead plants

Question 31

describe the process of how figs are pollinated by wasps

Answer 31

Female has pollen on her, finds immature fig, enters a special hole where there are fig flowers Lays eggs in fig flowers & pollinates plant Some of flowers with pollen will develop into galls Males will emerge & mate with females in other flowers Males will make a tunnel Females will p/u pollen & leave trough tunnels Males & mothers die inside the plant

Question 32

what type of evolution is seen in the relationship b/w the fig & the wasp?

Answer 32

coevolution

Question 33

Monolecty

Answer 33

one pollinator visits one plant species (rare)

Question 34

Oligolecty

Answer 34

one pollinator visits several related plant species (common)

Question 35

Polylecty

Answer 35

one pollinator visits many unrelated plant species (common)

Question 36

what form of specialization is rare?

Answer 36

monolecty

Question 37

what are the 3 forms of specialization?

Answer 37

monolecty oligolecty polylecty

Question 38

what are the factors resulting in the decline of bee pops?

Answer 38

Varoa mites – only attacks honey bees Pesticides Bacterial, viral & fungal infections Habitat loss – largest factor

Question 39

what is a solution to bee declines?

Answer 39

providing pollinator habitats for bees More visits to crops where pollinator habitats were present

Question 40

providing pollinator habitats for bees resulted in a ____ incres in yield over ____ years

Answer 40

20% 4 years

Question 41

how can you support pollinators?

Answer 41

Feed them Native plants preferred House them – nest Nest in ground or holes (can make artificial ones) Don’t kill them (no insecticides) Use integrated pest management approach

Question 42

what % of nesting bees nest in the ground?

Answer 42

70%

Question 43

what benefits does gardening have on bees? (5)

Answer 43

Support biodiversity Help slow bee declines Enjoy wildlife in your own yard Education Pollination for fruits

Question 44

what pollinator is used in commercial greenhouses & why?

Answer 44

bumble bees for their buzz pollination (blueberries, tomatoes etc.)

Question 45

why are Orchid bees attracted to their plants?

Answer 45

males visit plants, collect various chemicals of scents to attract females