Lecture 2

Question 1

integument

Answer 1

external envelope, exoskeleton

membrane that covers the organism

Question 2

what is the role of the foregut? (4)

Answer 2

intake of food - mouth

storage -crop

grinding - mouth, proventriculus

transport of nutrients

Question 3

what is the role of the midgut? (2)

Answer 3

digestion - ventriculus secretes enzymes

absorption

Question 4

gastric caecum

Answer 4

beginning of the midgut

Question 5

What is the role of the hindgut?

Answer 5

removal of digestive & metabolic wastes

reabsorption (of water)

Question 6

malpighian tubule

Answer 6

filter & secrete wastes (like kidneys)

Question 7

ileum

Answer 7

small intestine

absorption & secretion of wastes

Question 8

rectum

Answer 8

insects have rectal pads (sponge) where water absorption occurs just before excretion

Question 9

anus

Answer 9

where waste leaves

Question 10

how does gas exchange occur?

Answer 10

through a series of air-filled tubes & sacs (no lungs)

vessels reach all internal organs & tissues

Question 11

_____ & _____ contain spiracles at each _____

Answer 11

thorax & abdomen

segment

Question 12

spiracle openings let ____ in & ____ out

Answer 12

air

CO2

Question 13

what is the max amount of spiracles?

Answer 13

10 pairs

Question 14

trachea & tracheoles

Answer 14

hollow tubes

coil shaped

oxygen intake & CO2 output by diffusion

(air moves out through tubes)

Question 15

what are the components of the respiratory sys?

Answer 15

spiracles

trachea & tracheoles

air sacs

Question 16

air sacs

Answer 16

help with ventilation

compress & fill depending on diff requirements of the body

Question 17

the respiratory sys is related to the circulatory sys - T or F?

Answer 17

False

Question 18

how does the O2 & CO2 move in the respiratory sys?

Answer 18

through diffusion

Question 19

what sys does the dorsal heart belong to?

Answer 19

circulatory sys

Question 20

is the circulatory an open or closed sys?

Answer 20

open - no veins, one tube

Question 21

what is the blood of insects called?

Answer 21

haemolymph

Question 22

what is the haemolymph responsible for?

Answer 22

nutrient transport

hormone transport

waste transport (metabolic wastes other than CO2)

Question 23

does the circulatory sys transport O2?

Answer 23

no - respiratory sys does

Question 24

what powers circulation in an insect?

Answer 24

dorsal heart & abdominal pumping

Question 25

what are the components of the nervous sys?

Answer 25

nerve cord - ventral brain neurons with ganglia - each segment has a ganglion that controls nerves in a particular region

Question 26

describe the brain of an insect

Answer 26

fusion of ganglia

Question 27

what part of the nervous sys is important for movement & coordination?

Answer 27

neurons with ganglia

Question 28

what sys do insecticides target?

Answer 28

nervous sys

Question 29

what are the components of the integument?

Answer 29

cuticle & epidermis

Question 30

cuticle

Answer 30

composed of chitin ranges from hard & inflexible to soft & stretchable membrane in foregut & hindgut

Question 31

epidermis

Answer 31

produces the cuticle base layer of integument

Question 32

describe the integument of the honey pod ant

Answer 32

hard cuticle with stretchable cuticle to store liquid during feeding the stretchable cuticle expands with the hard cuticle sitting on top of it

Question 33

what are the functions of the integument? (7)

Answer 33

body support - skeleton, muscles attach to the chitin integument movement - muscles attach which cause movement physical protection - hard shells prevents water loss - wax layer on top of the cuticle sensory - spines, hairs, scales etc. growth - moulting pigmentation

Question 34

where does pigmentation of an insect occur?

Answer 34

cuticle in the integument (not the epidermis)

Question 35

what are the kinds of extensions of the integument?

Answer 35

spines setae

Question 36

spines

Answer 36

extension of the cuticle epidermis creates spines no special cells

Question 37

setae

Answer 37

specialized cells in the epidermis includes: hairs, sensilla & scales

Question 38

what is the major diff b/w spines & setae?

Answer 38

spines - no special cells, cuticle extension setae - special cells, special cells in the epidermis

Question 39

scales

Answer 39

modified sensory organs

Question 40

what are the structures of the reproductive sys in males?

Answer 40

testes accessory glands

Question 41

what are the structures of the reproductive sys in females?

Answer 41

ovaries spermatheca - store sperm

Question 42

what are the reproductive methods in insects?

Answer 42

sexual asexual - parthenogenesis haplodiploidy

Question 43

sexual reproduction

Answer 43

fertilized embryos produce male & female offspring

Question 44

asexual - parthenogenesis reproduction

Answer 44

females produce more females without mating

Question 45

haplodiploidy

Answer 45

combo of asexual & sexual: fertilized egg - creates female unfertilized egg - creates male

Question 46

describe growth in insects

Answer 46

incres in size achieved by moulting occurs in juvenile stages via moulting no further growth during adult stages

Question 47

moulting/ecdysis

Answer 47

casting of cuticle to allow growth exuvia = cast skeleton (old skeleton)

Question 48

metamorphosis & ex

Answer 48

change in form - transformatino from immature to adult phase Ex: caterpillar --> cocoon --> butterfly

Question 49

what are the steps of moulting?

Answer 49

1. Old exoskeleton (cuticle) is digested Occurs inside out (starts at the surface of the epidermis) Invisible from the outside 2. New skeleton formed beneath old Occurs at the surface of the epidermis 3. Old skeleton is shed Break surface of the old skeleton & leaves old skin 4. Stretching ONLY time when cuticle is soft 5. Tanning - Hardening

Question 50

what stage during moulting is the cuticle soft?

Answer 50

stretching

Question 51

how do terrestrial insects achieve stretching during moulting?

Answer 51

take in a lot of air to increase in size

Question 52

what does it mean when you see a white insect?

Answer 52

it hasn't tanned yet will become dark brown & harden

Question 53

what is difference occurs when an insect moults?

Answer 53

new skeleton is larger than the old one

Question 54

generation

Answer 54

cohort of offspring from a parent pop moving through a life cycle together

Question 55

instar

Answer 55

form of the insect b/w moults

Question 56

does growth occur in an instar?

Answer 56

no

Question 57

1st instar

Answer 57

out of the egg

Question 58

when is the last instar stage?

Answer 58

adult stage (no instar is an adult)

Question 59

when are the wings & reproductive organs fully developed?

Answer 59

as an adult

Question 60

what stage is an insect in if they have wings?

Answer 60

adult

Question 61

how is the degree of transformation during metamorphosis classified?

Answer 61

depends on insect taxa

Question 62

what are the 3 forms of development?

Answer 62

ametabolous hemimetabolous holometabolous

Question 63

ametabolous

Answer 63

no metamorphosis only difference that occurs is in size egg --> larva (lymph) - multiple instars --> adult

Question 64

hemimetabolous

Answer 64

incomplete metamorphosis immature insects resemble adults (not always) egg --> larva (lymph) --> larva (multiple instars) --> adult ex: little bug vs. big bug ex: wings & no wings

Question 65

holometabolous

Answer 65

complete metamorphosis egg --> larva (multiple instars) --> pupa --> adult Ex: butterfly of fly

Question 66

what type of metamorphosis includes the pupa? & ex?

Answer 66

holometabolous ex: butterfly pupa is the cocoon