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Insects > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

why do insects move?(6)

A

reproduction - lifecycles can occur in diff habitats

to access resources: food, shelter, mates, oviposition

avoid crowing

ecological escape (ex: food source eliminated)

escape adverse conditions - cold climate

escape predators

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2
Q

______ are the only invertebrates that can fly

A

insects

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3
Q

phoresy

A

hitchhiking mites

mites attach to the dragonfly & enables them to move around (don’t fly themselves)

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4
Q

how do insects without wings become airborne?

A

ballooning on silk - become light & little that they’re carried by wind currents

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5
Q

when was there the first flying insects?

A

400 million years ago

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6
Q

when insects acquired the skill of flight, what did this lead to?

A

to colonize many diff niches

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7
Q

when did dragonflies have a wingspan of 75cm?

A

in carboniferous forest, 285 million years ago

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8
Q

why did dragonflies have a wingspan of 75cm?

A

higher concentration of oxygen at the time - enabled large size

eventually more of the oxygen was consumed decreasing the levels & leading to a smaller size

insects have a passive respiratory sys & get their oxygen from the atm - limits size

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9
Q

what are the fastest insects?

A

horse flies

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10
Q

what orders is wing polymorphism seen?

A

macropterous

brachypterous (small wings)

apterous

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11
Q

what is an order of morphed indivs that reduced their wings?

A

homoptera

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12
Q

what are the 2 forms of wing polymorphism in aphids?

A

apterous adults = no wings

alate adults = wings

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13
Q

apterous adults

A

no wings

invest E in reproduction

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14
Q

alate adults

A

wings

have a thorax with developed muscles for flight

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15
Q

describe when & why aphids choose to grow wings or not

A

no wings - reproduce to incres pop to max their number & escape predation

then switch to wings to leave a habitat, avoid overcrowding

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16
Q

what form of wing polymorphism adult in aphids produces more offspring?

A

apterous

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17
Q

what are 4 ways insects orientate themselves?

A

sun compass

polarized skylight

earth’s geomagnetic field

local landmarks

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18
Q

sun compass

A

constant heading relative to the sun’s azimuth

compensate for earth’s rotation

endogenous chronometer - modifying their heading in accordance with the positioning of the sun at diff times of the day

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19
Q

endogenous chronometer

A

modifying their heading in accordance with the positioning of the sun at diff times of the day

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20
Q

polarized skylight

A

insects contain sensors for polarized light

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21
Q

what insects use sun compass?

A

butterflies

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22
Q

what insects have polarized light sensors? (5)

A

bees

ants

crickets

flies

butterflies

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23
Q

how is the earth’s geomagnetic field used in insect orientation?

A

have cells that react to the magnetic field

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24
Q

what insects use the earth’s geomagnetic field in orientation?

A

dragonflies & butterflies

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25
how do insects use local landmarks to orientate themselves?
compensate b/c they believe that landmarks are always fixed
26
boundary layer
zone where flight speed > wind speed zone where they can control their flight
27
what indicates to insects that they're flying above the flight boundary layer?
visual cues from the ground indicate backward motion, insects usually turn around & fly downward
28
when insects fly within the boundary layer they have _____ flight
directed
29
when insects fly above the boundary layer they have _____ flight
downwind
30
what is non-migratory flight used for?
to find daily resources (food, mate etc.)
31
which kind of flight is responsive to local cues?
non-migratory
32
which kind of flight is not responsive to local cues?
migratory
33
what kind of flight is short & persistent?
non-migratory
34
what type of flight includes frequent turns & stops?
non-migratory
35
what type of flight occurs within the boundary layer?
non-migratory
36
what type of flight is directed?
non-migratory
37
what is migratory flight used for?
new resources; ecological escape
38
which kind of flight is not responsive to local cues?
migratory
39
which kind of flight is long & persistent?
migratory
40
which type of flight is long & persistent?
migratory
41
which kind of flight doesn't includes frequent turns & stops?
migratory
42
where does migratory flight occur in respect to the boundary layer?
within or above
43
what type of flight is directed or downwind?
migratory
44
do insects in migratory flight reproduce?
no - finding a new area where resources are abundant to complete lifecycle invest E in wing E
45
migratory flight originated independently multiple times in: (3)
locusts butterflies dragonflies
46
why do insects of migratory follow storms?
storms will rain a lot & produce a moist envr to support eggs
47
live ______ & _____ found at sea 1500km from land
grasshoppers & flies
48
why are butterflies colourful?
indicates to predators that they are poisonous
49
describe the summer feeding range of butterflies
wide range reach southern MB
50
describe winter roosting in butterflies
roosts are communal on evergreen trees insects are in reproductive diapause not true hibernation, active on warm days
51
when butterflies are in winter roosting where are the eastern & western populations located?
eastern - Mexican mountains western - coastal California
52
spring migration - butterflies
over-wintered insects fly north & lay eggs on milkweed, then die eggs give rise to generation 1 caterpillars
53
butterflies in spring migration have ____ flight up to ____ km/h
directed 30
54
butterflies - with each successive generation, they fly ____ until they colonize the entire summer range
north
55
what triggers fall migration & reproductive diapause in butterflies?
shorter days - less daylight variable temps (cool nights) decres food plant quality
56
what type of flight is used in fall migration?
directed
57
in fall migration, roosting is often for how many days?
2+
58
what method of orientation are the butterflies in fall migration unable to utilize & why?
landmarks due to multiple generations
59
what are the benefits of monarch migration?
tracking larval food & nectar avoidance of lethal winter
60
what are the disadvantages of monarch migration?
riskiness & energetic costs of flight need to educate predators about monarch toxicity

Insects (33 decks)

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