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Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

mosquitos are vectors of what diseases? (2)

A

Western Equine Encephalitis

West Nile Virus

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2
Q

what spp does Western Equine Encephalitis effect?

A

humans & horses

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3
Q

what spp does West Nile Virus effect?

A

birds, horses & humans

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4
Q

what spp seem to be the most susceptible to west nile virus?

A

corvids

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5
Q

what is the vector spp of the west nile virus?

A

blood-fed culex tarsalis

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6
Q

describe the Blood-Fed Culex Tarsalis lifecycle

A

females suck blood (engorged), lay eggs & fly away from host

When larvae hatch, there is a cap that they use to emerge & they then go into the water

develop into a pupa

Emerge as an adult mosquito from the water

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7
Q

how does the female Culex Tarsalis lay eggs

A

Lays eggs all at once

Laid in a raft on the surface of the water – initially white & then darken

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8
Q

how does the Culex Tarsalis larva breathe in water?

A

Have 2 spiracles that break through the surface tension & creates an opening of air directly into the spiracles

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9
Q

how does the Culex Tarsalis larva feed?

A

Mouthparts are brushes that vibrate & filter out fine particles in the water

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10
Q

what type of development does Culex Tarsalis have?

A

holometabolous

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11
Q

describe the pupa stage of Culex Tarsalis

A

No longer breathe from abdomen

Breathe from 2 holes in the thorax

Abdomen is used for buoyancy

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12
Q

what are the 2 nuisance mosquito pests of MB?

A

o 1) Spring snow-melt species

o 2) Summer floodwater species

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13
Q

what are the 2 vector spp of mosquitos?

A 
o	Culex spp.
o	Anopheles (not a vector in MB)
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14
Q

how do the spring snow-melt spp lay their eggs?

A

Lay a hole batch of eggs, but are laid indiv on a moist substrate (not on the surface of water)

Wetland, marsh
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15
Q

how many gens do spring snow-melt spp have?

A

1 gen/year

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16
Q

what is the result of a spring snow-melt mosquito laying eggs?

A

female dies

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17
Q

when do the spring snow-melt spp eggs hatch?

A

just above freezing temp

Once winter is over & they become flooded in the marsh/wetland then they are ready to hatch

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18
Q

do the spring snow-melt spp go into obligate diapause?

A

yes

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19
Q

where do the summer floodwater spp lay their eggs?

A

on the side of depressions where water accumulates

ex: sides of ditches

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20
Q

which type of mosquito spp egg’s hatch at a wamer temp?

A

summer floodwater spp

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21
Q

when do the summer floodwater spp lay their eggs?

A

june

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22
Q

how many gens of mosquitos do summer floodwater spp have?

A

several gens

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23
Q

what triggers diapause in the summer floodwater spp?

A

fall

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24
Q

does the culex spp lay eggs over winter?

A

no, they overwinter as adults

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25
how many gens of mosquitos do culex spp have?
several
26
describe how culex spp lay their eggs
as rafts
27
what mosquito spp is a vector of malaria?
Anopheles
28
how do you distinguish Anopheles from other mosquitos?
Lift abdomen
29
Prediuresis & who uses this method?
expel serum from blood to get rid of mass to permit better movement & acquire more blood Anopheles - done during & after feeding
30
describe how Anopheles lay their eggs
Lay eggs singly on the surface of water
31
describe how Anopheles overwinters
as adults
32
what spp of mosquitos overwinter as adults
anopheles & culex
33
what spp lay their eggs over winter?
* Summer floodwater species | * Spring snow-melt spp.
34
what spp have several gens?
Summer floodwater species | culex
35
what spp eggs are triggered to hatch by flooding?
* Summer floodwater species | * Spring snow-melt spp.
36
describe the relationship b/w the pitcher plant mosquito & its plant
Plant grows in soils low in N, supplement N by consuming it from insects Insect will fall to the ground & the plant observes nutrients from the decomposing insect Mosquitos lay larvae in the plant
37
what is an ex of a carnivorous plant feeding on mosquitos?
pitcher plant
38
what are the factors why mosquitos are so abundant in MB? (5)
Topography Seasonal weather patterns Urban development Rural drainage networks Blood-host availability
39
how does topography contribute to the abundance of mosquitos in MB?
mosquitos develop only in standing water Flat prairies facilitate this Since humans try to drain everything (ditches etc.) there are perfect envrs for mosquitos
40
how do seasonal weather patterns contribute to the abundance of mosquitos in MB?
a lot of snowmelt, require a lot of snow to raise water level & triggers the mosquitos to hatch Thunderstorms also fill areas with water
41
what happens if there's a drought & the mosquito eggs aren't triggered to hatch?
they will just wait for the following year
42
how does blood-host availability contribute to the abundance of mosquitos in MB?
cattle adjacent to ditches Ditches are in close proximity to pasture animals
43
what are the costs of mosquitos? (6)
Losses to livestock production Losses in tourism & trade 3. Reduction in outdoor activity 4. Impact of vector-borne pathogens 5. Impact on fitness in wildlife (vector disease) 6. Costs of control
44
how does an abundance of mosquitos affect cattle?
When mosquitos are abundant they cause cattle to stampede Cattle Out run mosquitos, stop & start grazing When the mosquitos increase in numbers they flood them again & the cattle continue to stampede
45
what are the steps in mosquito control? (6)
Surveillance Larviciding Source reduction Public awareness Baited traps & repellents Adulticiding
46
what is the surveillance step of mosquito control?
knowing where they lay eggs
47
the surveillance of mosquitos is divided into 2 sections: _____ & _____
larval mosquitos - still in the aquatic stage adult mosquitos - mobile
48
how is surveillance done on aquatic mosquitos?
dipping
49
how is surveillance done on adult mosquitos? (4)
Light/CO2 traps Oviposition traps (gravid trap) Landing-biting counts Surveillance flocks
50
Light/CO2 traps
lightbulb with a fan, attracted to the light at night & sucked to the bottom from the fan Attracted to CO2 b/c females release it, adding CO2 near fan will increase efficiency
51
Oviposition traps
used for vector spp of culex lay eggs on rafts, so you provide a water surface for them to lay their eggs
52
what trap targets the culex spp & why?
oviposition traps they lay eggs on rafts
53
gravid trap
form of an oviposition trap except it has a fan on it that sucks up the mosquitos when they lay eggs
54
land-biting counts
have a tube with suction, when they land on you then you suck them up
55
surveillance flocks
used for vector species Put chickens in a cage & count how many land on them Take blood samples from the birds to determine if they extracted a pathogen
56
what traps are used for vector spp?
surveillance flocks
57
larviciding
spray on larval sites manually, with trucks or helicopters
58
what does public protection consist of?
personal protection: 1. Behaviour modification 2. Protective clothing – light coloured, long sleeves & pants 3. Repellents – DEET most effective forms, citroses plant not effective
59
what are mosquito baited traps & repellents used?
Mosquito magnet Electronic mosquito repellers
60
when does adulticiding occur?
when adult numbers are so high & control program has failed
61
how do they determine when it is approproate or adulticiding?
Threshold # of mosquitos in night traps

Insects (33 decks)

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