Lecture 15

Question 1

_____________ is the most abundant and diverse tissue in the body

Answer 1

connective tissue

Question 2

What is connective tissue derived from

Answer 2

embryonic mesenchyme

Question 3

What are the functions of connective tissue

Answer 3

• binds cells into organs
• suppors/ stabilizes/ protects
• links bones to muscles
• transmits muscle forces
• transport of nutrients

Question 4

What are the three classes of connective tissue

Answer 4

• proper
• fluid
• supporting

Question 5

What are the three components of connective tissue

Answer 5

1. Specialized cells
2. protein fibers
3. ground substance

Question 6

______________ lay down extra cellular matrix. Immune cells

Answer 6

specialized cells

Question 7

What are the three types of protein fibers

Answer 7

• collagen fibers
• elastin fibers
• reticular fibers

Question 8

What is the ground substance

Answer 8

fill excess space

Question 9

What is the purpose of collagen

Answer 9

strength and retention

Question 10

What is the purpose of elastin

Answer 10

strength and recoil

Question 11

What is the purpose of reticular fibers

Answer 11

support net

Question 12

What are the three types of loose connect tissues

Answer 12

• areolar tissue
• adipose tissue
• reticular tissue

Question 13

What is areolar tissue characterized

Answer 13

interstitial fluid (ground substance)

Question 14

What is adipose tissue

Answer 14

fat tissue used for energy located under the skin and around organs

Question 15

________________ fat cells

Answer 15

adipose

Question 16

What is reticular tissue characterized

Answer 16

• reticular fibers

- located in organs

Question 17

What are the four kinds of dense connective tissue

Answer 17

• irregular
• regular
• elastic
• cartilage

Question 18

Where is irregular connect tissue

Answer 18

joint capsules, dermis

Question 19

Where is regular connective tissue

Answer 19

tendons and ligaments

Question 20

Where is elastic Connectix tissue

Answer 20

arteries and bronchi, some ligaments where recoil is important

** marked by elastic fibers

Question 21

______________ a connective tissue with chondrocytes

Answer 21

cartilage

Question 22

Cartilage is

Answer 22

avascular and anervous

Question 23

What are cartilage cells

Answer 23

chondrocytes in lacunae

Question 24

______________ characterized by glassy collagen fivers.

Answer 24

hyaline cartilage

Question 25

Where are hyaline cartilage

Answer 25

fetal cartilage, ends of long bones, costal cartilage, nose, larynx, trachea

Question 26

Where is elastic cartilage

Answer 26

external ear epiglottis *characterized by elastic fibers

Question 27

Where is the fibrocartilage

Answer 27

in joints and places of high impact | -Interverteabral discs, pubic symphysis, knee discs

Question 28

What is fibrocartilage characterized by

Answer 28

thick collagen fibers

Question 29

What are the functions of bone

Answer 29

- support/movement/ protection - mineral storage - blood formation/ fat storage

Question 30

What is the name of a bone structure

Answer 30

lamellar structure (layered)

Question 31

What are the two kinds of bone

Answer 31

- compact | - spongy bone

Question 32

Name of the compact bone

Answer 32

cortical bone

Question 33

Name of spongy bone

Answer 33

cancellous bone (trabeculae)

Question 34

What are the 2 bone coverings/ membranes

Answer 34

- periosteum- exterior | - endosteum- interior

Question 35

___________ is the growth unit of the bone

Answer 35

osteon

Question 36

What is the structure of the osteon

Answer 36

Lamellae | -Contain collagen fibers

Question 37

_____________ old bone that has Beene grown over or remodeled

Answer 37

interstitial lamellae

Question 38

________ covering for osteocytes, holds in lamellae

Answer 38

lacunae

Question 39

_____________ center of the lamellae for nerves and blood vessels

Answer 39

Haversian (central canal)

Question 40

______________ is the connection between the lacunae and the central canal

Answer 40

canaliculi

Question 41

___________ mature bone cells, that maintain bone matrix. Live in lacunae

Answer 41

osteocytes

Question 42

____________ immature bone cells that secrete organic component of matrix to build up bone. lives under periosteum

Answer 42

osteoblast

Question 43

____________ multinucleate cell that secretes acid to dissolve matrix of bone. Lives under enostium

Answer 43

osteoclast

Question 44

What are the 2 types of bone development

Answer 44

- endochondral | - Intrameembranous

Question 45

_____________ limbs, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, base of skull (chondrocranium – parts of occipitals, temporals, sphenoid, and all ethmoid, ossicles, conchae, lacrimals, zygomatics)

Answer 45

ENDOCHONDRAL developement

Question 46

___________________ skull (frontal, parietals, nasals, maxillae, vomer, palatines, mandible, portions of sphenoid, temporals, occipital) & clavicle

Answer 46

INTRAMEMBRANOUS (dermal)

Question 47

What are the steps of endochondrial ossification

Answer 47

1. osteoblast form a bony collar 2. central calcification: deterioration of cartilage in shaft. Remaining cartilage replace by bone 3. Primary ossification center formed: vessels permeate bone tissue, primary ossification formed 4. secondary ossification formed in epithesis

Question 48

____________ growth of both cartilage and bone

Answer 48

growth at epiphyseal plate - cartilage continues to grow on epiphyseal side - osteoblast replace cartilage with bone on diaphysial side

Question 49

____________ growth in girth

Answer 49

apposition

Question 50

What is the function of bone remodeling

Answer 50

- maintains calcium and potassium | - Wolfs law: response to stress

Question 51

_____________ increase blood calcium by breaking down bond

Answer 51

parathyroid hormone

Question 52

____________________ thyroid brings blood CA down by building bon e

Answer 52

calcitonin

Question 53

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin form a

Answer 53

feedback loop

Question 54

What are the forces acting on the bone

Answer 54

- compression - tension - shear - bending (combination of compression and extension)

Question 55

What are the two types of material that make up composite extracellular matrix

Answer 55

- organic: collagen | - Inorganic: hydroxypatite

Question 56

What is collagen characterized by

Answer 56

strong in tension

Question 57

What is the inorganic hydroxyapatite characterized

Answer 57

ground substance, strong compression

Question 58

What are the 3 bone structures involved for adequate strength

Answer 58

- hollowness of bones - cross sectional geometry - arrangement of trabeculae

Question 59

_____________ zero force in the middle of the bone reduces the majority of bone stress from blending is on the outside of the bone

Answer 59

hollowness of the bone

Question 60

__________off round shape resists forces in a particular direction

Answer 60

cross sectional geometry

Question 61

______________________ direct force to a strong area of the bone

Answer 61

arrangement of trabeculae