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Physci 107 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions in the nervous system

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What connects the PNS to the CNS

A

local spine reflex

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3
Q

What types of local spine reflexes

A

afferent neurons
efferent neurons
interneurons

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4
Q

____________ have axons that carry information toward the CNS

A

afferent neurons

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5
Q

_______________ haave axons that carry information away from the CNS

A

efferent neurons

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6
Q

Nerve cell that lies between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron in a reflex arc; (2) any nerve cell that is confined entirely within the central nervous system.

A

interneurons

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7
Q

General Characteristics of neurons:

A
  1. excitable cells
  2. do not divide after birth, but some neurogenesis from adult stem cells
  3. normally neurons live a long life
  4. high metabolic rate- requires a large amount of glucose and oxygen
  5. have 2 types of processes
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8
Q

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Cranial Nervous and spinal nerves

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory afferent division

motor efferent division

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11
Q

What are the two kinds of sensory nerves

A
  • somatic sensory

- visceral sensory

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12
Q

What are the somatic sensory neurons of the PNS

A

general: touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp, proprioception in skin and body wall
special: vision, smell hearing, equilibrium

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13
Q

what are the visceral sensory neurons of the PNS

A

general: stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and nausea and hunger
Special: taste

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14
Q

what are the somatic motor sensory neurons of the PNS

A

general: motor and use of skeletal muscles

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15
Q

what are the visceral motor neurons of the PNS

A

interventions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glands, equal to autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

____________ receive information from other neurons and branch off from cell body

A

dendrites

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17
Q

___________ form the basis for neuron signaling

A

ion channeling

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18
Q

___________ is the site of action potential generation

A

axon hillock

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19
Q

The plasma membrane is charged:

A
  • inside the neuron is negative

- outside the neuron is positive

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20
Q

________ are side branches extending from the axon

A

axon collateral

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21
Q

________ where the neurons connect to the next neurons

A

axon terminals

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22
Q

__________ covers the axon

A

myelin sheath

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23
Q

____________ forms the myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

what is contained in the cell body of a neuron

A

-plasma membrane
-nucleus and nucleolus
-Nissi bodies/ RER
-Golgi apparatus
neurofiliments

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25
function of dendrites
are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells.
26
_____________ is is a small membranous protrusion on a neuron that receives input from a synapse of another neuron. They make or make not reside on the dendrite
dendrite spine
27
the number of dendrites on a neuron ____________
varies in both number branching and spines
28
_________________ are used to transport protein in transport vesicles from the cell body to the axon terminals
axon neurotubials
29
_____________ when proteins travel from cell body to bouton
anterograde
30
__________________ many mitochondria for energy. is a specialized area within the axon of the presynaptic cell that contains neurotransmitters enclosed in small membrane-bound spheres called synaptic vesicles
presynaptic bouton
31
____________ transport when protein intransport vesicles travel from the cell body to the presynaptic bouton
anterograde axonal transport
32
____________ transport when protein intransport vesicles travel from the presynaptic bouton to the cell body
retrograde axonal transport
33
information flows _________________ on an axon
in one direction
34
information comes from other neurons and flows into ________________ or _______________
excitatory synapses | inhibitory synapses
35
________________- are synapses that inhibit a motor response
inhibitory synapses
36
________________ are synapses that induce a motor or neurological response
excitatory synapses
37
_______________ occur between an axon terminal and a postsynaptic neuron
synapses
38
What are the 3 parts of a presynaptic bouton or axon terminal
- presynaptic side - synaptic cleft - post synaptic side
39
__________ is most commonly a cell body, dendrite
postsynaptic side
40
Input is received from ___________ of other neurons onto the receiving of a neuron
synapses
41
If the local stimulation is large enough a ___________ will be generated at the _______________ and transmitted down the _____________
action potential axon hillock synaptic terminals
42
if the synapse contains ______________ the target neuron is depolarized and stimulated to fire
depolarized
43
if the synapse contains ______________ the target is hyper polarized or inhibited from firing
hyper polarized
44
Neuromuscular junctions use _______________ as an excitatory neurotransmitter
acetylcholine r
45
_________________ is on the axon terminal and it speeds up the transfer of information across the axon and induced rapid fire
node of ranviar
46
___________ are supporting cells to the neuron
glell cells
47
how are glia different from neurons
1. can divide throughout life 2. have only one type of process rather than two 3. each type of glia has specific functions that support neurons 4. smaller size 5. special glei to CNS ANd PNS
48
what are the 4 glia in CNS
1. astrocytes 2. olgodendroglia 3. microglia 4. ependymal cells
49
______________ associated with capillaries in the brain
astrocytes
50
_____________ have water and electrolyte channels
astrocytes
51
astrocytes are associated with the release of __________ and the contribute to the ____________ which protects the CNS when damaged
growth hormones | glei scar
52
_____________ make myelin
olgodendroglia
53
_____________ are glia and are the only immune cells in the cns are phagocytes
microglia
54
______________ are not glia but supporting cells
ependymal cells
55
_______________- line the entire ventricular opening side of the brain and lays between the spinal fluid and the brain tissue
ependymal cells
56
What are the supporting cells of the PNS
- schwann cells | - node of ravier
57
________________ are glia made of myelin by wrapping their membrane tightly around an axon
schwan cells
58
_______________ are found found in both the PNS and CNS are fascilitate the speed of action potentials
nodes of ranvier
59
nerves are covered with __________
connective tissue
60
____________ is the name for a bundle of axons
fascicle
61
__________________is a silver staining technique that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy.
Golgi stain
62
_____________ a classic nucleic acid staining method traditionally used on nervous tissue sections. The active dye in the staining solution can vary, but toluidine blue or cresyl violet are common components. basic stains that are attracted to acidic components of neurons
nissl stain
63
________________ labels nuclear membrane and nucleolus. Differentiates grey and white matter
nucleus
64
__________________ labels plasma membrane and accusations of RER and nissl bodies
cytoplasm
65
break down the word immunochemistry
immuno: the study of the immune system or the antibody/antigen complex cytoplasms: studying cells chemistry= studying a reaction
66
_____________ is an anatomical technique used to characterize the presence of specifically chemicals in cells.
immunocytochemistry
67
There is a large body of evidence that supports the assumptions that presence of a rate _________________ indicates that the appropriate neurotransmitter is being made in the cell
limiting synthesis enzyme
68
What is the basic strategy of immunocytochemistry
to localize large transmitter synthesizing enzymes rather than the small transmitter molecules. In the nervous system there are many different chemical substances known to be neurotransmitters or neuromodulators
69
_______________ is a major excitatory neurotransmitter at both the CNS synapses and at the neuromuscular junction.
acetylcholine
70
What is the synthesizing enzyme for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
choline acetyltransferase
71
What is the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
acetyl cholinesterase
72
__________________ is an amino acid and a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system
aminobutyric acid (GABA)
73
__________________ is the limiting synthesizing enzyme used to identify GAD positive by the neurotransmitter GABA
glutamic acid decarboxylase
74
________________ are synthesized in a common 5 step metabolic pathway from amino acids tyrosine
catecholamines
75
examples of catecholamines studeied in class
dopamine, noradrenaline, norepinephrine
76
neurons that use dopamine will contain a high level of the rate limiting synthesizing enzyme ________________________ and are called ______________
DOPA decarboxylase | dopaminergic neurons
77
neurons that use adrenaline, the last catecholamine to be generated will contain high levels of_________________ and _________________
the limiting synthesizing enzyme | low levels of the preceding enzyme

Physci 107 (22 decks)

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