Reading 1

Question 1

_________________ the time between conception and birth

Answer 1

Prenatal Period:

Question 2

__________________ the first 8 weeks in which all major organs are developed

Answer 2

Embryonic period=

Question 3

________________“early form of the body”

Answer 3

Embryo:

Question 4

_________________: the remaining 30 weeks in which organs grow larger and more complex

Answer 4

Fetal period

Question 5

_________________ “the young in the womb”

Answer 5

Fetus:

Question 6

Skin: has two layers _____________________

Answer 6

epidermis and dermis

Question 7

__________________ consists most of trunk muscles and contains the vertebral column, the spinal cord and attaching ribs

Answer 7

Outer body wall:

Question 8

__________________ is composed of the respiratory and digestive structures

Answer 8

Inner body cavity and inner tube:

Question 9

The section through the abdomen shows the peritoneal cavity, lined by ___________ surrounding the digestive tube (stomach, intestines, and so on). The digestive tube has a muscular wall and is lined internally by a sheet of cells. (This lining is shown in yellow)

Answer 9

visceral and parietal serosae,

Question 10

The respiratory structures (trachea, lungs, and bronchi) form from the inner tube. The body cavities in the thorax are _______________ around the lungs and the ________________ surrounding the heart. Parietal and visceral serosae line these cavities as well

Answer 10

the pleural cavity

pericardial cavity

Question 11

Kidneys and gonads: The kidneys lie directly deep to the dorsal body wall,______________________________The gonads (testes or ovaries) originate in a similar position but migrate to other body regions during the fetal period.

Answer 11

in the lumbar region of the back posterior to the parietal serosa.

Question 12

___________ toward the head or upper part of structure/ body

Answer 12

Superior/ Cranial:

Question 13

_____________ away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure/body

Answer 13

Inferior/ Caudal:

Question 14

_____________________ Toward the midline of the body, on the inner side of the body

Answer 14

Medial:

Question 15

___________________Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of the body

Answer 15

Lateral:

Question 16

__________________ Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment

Answer 16

Proximal:

Question 17

_____________ Further away from the origin of the body part or point of attachment

Answer 17

Distal:

Question 18

______________on the same side as

Answer 18

Ipislateral:

Question 19

__________ on the opposite side as

Answer 19

Contralateral:

Question 20

_______________Toward the front or at the front of the body

Answer 20

Anterior/ventral:

Question 21

________________Toward the back of the body

Answer 21

Posterior/ dorsal:

Question 22

_______________ an immature egg that one of a fertile woman’s two ovaries releases

Answer 22

Oocyte:

Question 23

______________ a direct route to the uterus (womb) and the sight of fertilization

Answer 23

Uterine tube:

Question 24

______________ the fertilized oocyte

Answer 24

Zygote:

Question 25

___________________ the rapid cell division of a zygote that provides enough cells to become an embryo. cell growth between divisions, the resulting cells become smaller and smaller.

Answer 25

Cleavage:

Question 26

___________________: The fluid filled structure that results after the morula. During day 4, the late morula—now consisting of about 60 cells—enters the uterus. It takes up fluid, which gathers into a central cavity.

Answer 26

Blastocyst

Question 27

_________________ The outer cells surrounding the cavity that will eventually form the placenta

Answer 27

Trophoblast:

Question 28

__________________ The cluster of cells on one side of the blastocyst cavity, that will eventually form the embryo

Answer 28

Inner cells:

Question 29

__________________ the final stage of the blastocyst in which the trophoblast layer erodes inward until the entire blastocyst is embedded in the uterine wall.

Answer 29

Implantation:

Question 30

About 9 days after fertilization, the inner cell mass has divided into two sheets of cells, _______________________

Answer 30

the epiblast and hypoblast

Question 31

__________________: the sheet on the top

Answer 31

Epiblast

Question 32

_____________ the sheet on the bottom

Answer 32

Hypoblast:

Question 33

____________________ the two layers disk made of the epiblast and hypoblast which will give rise to the whole body

Answer 33

Bilaminar embryonic disc:

Question 34

__________________a sac formed by an extension of the epiblast

Answer 34

Amniotic sac:

Question 35

__________________ outer membrane of the amniotic sac

Answer 35

Amnion:

Question 36

_________________ internal cavity filled with amniotic fluid.

Answer 36

amniotic sac cavity:

Question 37

__________________ formed by an extension of the hypoblast, holds a very small amount of yolk, which is insignificant as a food source.

Answer 37

Yolk sac:

Question 38

During week 3, the embryo grows from a two layered disc to a 3 layered disc. This process is

Answer 38

gastrulation

Question 39

_________________ the process of the embryo growing from a two layered disc to a three layered one

Answer 39

Gastrulation:

Question 40

________________: the germ layer that begins to form a grove that appears on the dorsal surface of the dorsal side

Answer 40

Primitive streak:

Question 41

___________________: the first cells that migrate through the primitive streak displace the cells of the underlying hypoblast

Answer 41

Endoderm:

Question 42

_____________: the ingressing epiblast cells form a new layer between epiblast and endoderm,

Answer 42

Mesoderm:

Question 43

______________The epiblast cells that remain on the embryo’s dorsal surface make up this the outer layer of the skin (epidermis), the brain, and the spinal cord.

Answer 43

Ectoderm:

Question 44

_________________(“middle skin”; colored red in Figure 3.5) forms muscle, bone, and connective tissues.

Answer 44

Mesoderm

Question 45

_____________ (“inner skin”; colored yellow in Figure 3.5) forms the innermost lining of the inner tube (epithelial ­lining).

Answer 45

Endoderm

Question 46

Ectoderm and endoderm are ___________________—sheets of tightly joined cells.

Answer 46

epithelial tissues, or epithelia

Question 47

Mesoderm, by contrast, is a __________________

Answer 47

mesenchyme tissue (mes′eng-k¯ım; mesen = middle; chyme = fluid).

Question 48

________________: a swelling At one end of the primitive streak

Answer 48

Primitive node

Question 49

____________________ defines the body axis (the midline that divides the left and right sides of the body). It extends the length of the body and is the site of the future vertebral column.

Answer 49

Notochord:

Question 50

__________________ As the notochord develops, it signals the overlying ectoderm to start forming the spinal cord and brain

Answer 50

Neurolation:

Question 51

____________________ the ectoderm in the dorsal midline thickens into this during the development of the notochord

Answer 51

Neuroplate:

Question 52

____________________the neuroplate begins to fold inward into this

Answer 52

Neurogroove:

Question 53

_______________ begins at the end of week 3 in the region that will become the neck and then proceeds both cranially

Answer 53

Neural tube:

Question 54

During neurolation the mesoderm is divided into three sections

Answer 54

somite intermediate mesoderm lateral plate

Question 55

_____________: A mesodermal segment of the body of the embryo

Answer 55

Somite

Question 56

________________ divides into spherical segments in a cranial-to-caudal sequence

Answer 56

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 57

_______________ begins as one layer, but soon splits into two. A wedge of space is formed between these two sheets. This space is called the coelom. The two resulting divisions of the lateral plate are the somatic mesoderm, next to the ectoderm, and the splanchnic mesoderm, next to the endoderm

Answer 57

lateral plate

Question 58

the wedge of space in the lateral plate

Answer 58

coelom

Question 59

what are the 2 divisions of the lateral plate

Answer 59

somatic mesoderm, next to the ectoderm, | splanchnic mesoderm, next to the endoderm

Question 60

_________________ As the embryo becomes cylindrical, it encloses a tubular part of the yolk sac,

Answer 60

Primative gut:

Question 61

_____________The embryo takes on a cylindrical shape when its sides fold medially and it lifts off the yolk sac and protrudes into the amniotic cavity

Answer 61

Folding:

Question 62

_________________ The ectoderm becomes the brain, spinal cord, and epidermis of the skin. The early epidermis, in turn, produces the hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, and the oil glands of the skin.

Answer 62

Derivative of the ectoderm:

Question 63

____________ The notochord gives rise to an important part of the spinal column, the springy cores of the discs between the vertebrae.

Answer 63

Derivative of the mesoderm/notochord:

Question 64

__________________: Somatic mesoderm, just external to the coelom, produces the parietal serosa and the dermal layer of the skin in the ventral body region. Its cells migrate into the forming limbs and produce the bone, ligaments, and dermis of each limb. splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to the entire wall of the digestive and respiratory tubes, except the inner epithelial lining; that is, it forms the musculature, connective tissues, and the slippery visceral serosae of the digestive and respiratory structures.

Answer 64

Unsegmented mesoderm:

Question 65

The intermediate mesoderm lies in the same relative location as the ______________

Answer 65

adult kidneys, outside the peritoneal cavity

Question 66

__________ becomes the inner epithelial lining of the gut tube and its derivatives: the respiratory tubes, digestive organs, and the urinary bladder, and the epithelium.

Answer 66

endoderm

Question 67

During these weeks the embryo becomes less tad pol like

Answer 67

Week 5-8:

Question 68

__________________The upper limb buds appear slightly earlier than the lower limb buds.

Answer 68

Limb buds:

Question 69

The protruding tail of the 1-month-old embryo disappears at the end of ________________

Answer 69

week 8.

Question 70

All major organs are in place by the end of month 2, at least in ________________

Answer 70

rudimentary form.

Question 71

____________spans weeks 9 through 38

Answer 71

fetal period

Question 72

Normal births typically occur

Answer 72

38 weeks after conception.

Question 73

________________ is one that occurs before that time. Infants born as early as week 30

Answer 73

A premature birth

Question 74

________________ Premature removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus.

Answer 74

Abortion:

Question 75

_____________ A procedure for obtaining a sample of amniotic fluid. A needle is inserted through the abdominal and uterine walls, and a small amount of amniotic fluid is obtained.

Answer 75

Amniocentesis:

Question 76

___________________ The study of birth defects and of fetuses with congenital deformities.

Answer 76

Teratology: