Lecture 3

Question 1

Ectoderm in the dorsal midline induced by the notochord to thicken and forms the __________

Answer 1

neural plate

Question 2

Edges of the neural plate begin to fold toward each other the _______________

Answer 2

neural folds

Question 3

The neural folds meet dorsally, forming the ____________________________

Answer 3

neural tube and overlaying ectoderm

Question 4

neural tube closes first near the middle of the embryo and proceeds rostrally and caudally, reflecting the radient of nervous system development. _________________ and ______________ develop first

Answer 4

medulla and spinal

Question 5

__________________ is a mesodermal structure

Answer 5

notochord

Question 6

Some neural crest cells remain near the neural tube to give rise to sensory afferent neurons that are called __________________________

Answer 6

dorsal root ganglion neurons

Question 7

______________ is composed of cells that undergo mitosis to form the CNS

Answer 7

neural tube

Question 8

Central cavity enclosed by neural tube called the ______________ forms the ventricular system

Answer 8

ventricle

Question 9

Neural tube cells first generate ___________ than glia

Answer 9

neurons

Question 10

_______________ have processors attached to bother inner (ventricular) and outer surfaces of the neural tube. Their nuclei move back and forth during the cell cycle.

Answer 10

Neural tube cells

Question 11

_____________ occurs near ventricular border. After neurons become post mitotic, they migrate out of the ventricular Zone

Answer 11

mitosis

Question 12

________________ site where mitosis occurs

Answer 12

ventricular zone

Question 13

_____________ post mototic cells form gray matter

Answer 13

intermediate zone

Question 14

_________________ axonal pathways form future white matter

Answer 14

marginal zone

Question 15

_________________ is derived from the neural crest.

Answer 15

dorsal root ganglian

Question 16

______________ contains sensory projection neuron and interneurons

Answer 16

dorsal neural tube

Question 17

_________contains motor neurons and interneurons

Answer 17

ventral neural tube

Question 18

What does the forebrain form

Answer 18

Telecephalon and diencephalon

Question 19

what does the midbrain form

Answer 19

Mesencephalon

Question 20

What does the hindbrain form

Answer 20

meleencephalon

myelencephalon

Question 21

What does the telencephalon form

Answer 21

cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres

Question 22

What does the diencephalon form

Answer 22

: the epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus

Question 23

What does the mesencephalon form

Answer 23

midbrain and brainstem

Question 24

What does the mesencephalon

Answer 24

brainstem/ pons

cerebellum

Question 25

What does the meelencephaalon form

Answer 25

brainstem/ medulla | oblongata

Question 26

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles

Answer 26

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 27

What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles

Answer 27

telencephalon, diecephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

Question 28

Around week 5, the neural tube starts to bend at the _____________________

Answer 28

midbrain, pontine, and cervical flexures

Question 29

space constraints restrict brain growth causing the _____________________ to grow posteriorly covering the diecephalon and brainstem

Answer 29

cerebral cortex

Question 30

Initially the cervical cortex is _______________ but is starts to fold inward which results in an increase in total surface area

Answer 30

smooth

Question 31

Developing brain and brain stem ____________________ in stereotypic patterns beginning around 5 weeks and continuing well into the fetal period

Answer 31

fold

Question 32

___________ the largest region of the Brian that contains the cerebral cortex and several subcortical structures including hippocampus and basal ganglia

Answer 32

telencephalon

Question 33

________________ a division of the forebrain between telencephalon and midbrain. It consists of thalamus and hypothalamus and epithalamus

Answer 33

diencephalon

Question 34

____________ midbrain is the portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and other hindbrain structures

Answer 34

Mesencephalon

Question 35

___________________ the embryonic part of the hindbrain that differentiates into pons and cerebellum

Answer 35

metencephalon

Question 36

___________________ after brain is the most posterior regions of the embryonic hindbrain from which the medulla oblongata developed

Answer 36

myelencephalon

Question 37

____________ ventricle, gray matter, with white matter surrounding the gray matter and on surface.

Answer 37

spinal cord and brainstem

Question 38

________________ (cerebrally and cerebral cortices) ventricle, white matter, cortex of gray matter on surface. Also can have deep nuclei (gray matter) or inner gray matter around ventricles

Answer 38

cortical regions

Question 39

_________________ surround the outside of the CNS and have 3 layers of connective tissue

Answer 39

Meninges

Question 40

______________ "tough mother" the thickest, most fibrous meninges.

Answer 40

dura mater

Question 41

What are the 2 sections of the dura matter

Answer 41

Dural sinuses and flax cerebri

Question 42

___________________ "spider mother" fills subarachnoid space

Answer 42

arachnoid mater

Question 43

____________ "tender mother" applied directly to the surface of the brain. The innermost layer of the meninges the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Answer 43

Pia matter

Question 44

What are the 3 functions of the meninges

Answer 44

1. Cover and protect the CNS 2. Contain the large CNS blood vessels 3. Act as veins (carry deoxygenated blood) and drain cerebral spinal fluid CSF

Question 45

____________ line the inside of the CNS.

Answer 45

ventricles

Question 46

_______________ consists of a series of cavities, lateral ventricles with 3 horns, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aqueducts, forth ventricles, and central canal of spinal cord. CSF exits the ventricles through the median and lateral apertures

Answer 46

ventricles

Question 47

_________________ are lined with ependymal cells and filled with cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 47

ventricles

Question 48

CSF is produced by the _______________ in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles, CSF is filtered blood plasma

Answer 48

CSF

Question 49

what is the function of the CSF

Answer 49

differentiated from vascular tissue so they secrete blood into the ventricles

Question 50

Where does the CSF Flow

Answer 50

CSF flows though the ventricular system and then into subarachnoid space via lateral and median apertures and into superior sagittal sinus via arachnoid villi and granulations

Question 51

Human cerebral cortex has ________________ Golgi drawing on the right shows difference in cell sizes and shapes by layer in the cerebral cortex

Answer 51

six layers of gray matter

Question 52

_____________ shaped neurons lay in layers III and V | ______________ lady in layers II and IV

Answer 52

pyramidal shaped neurons | interneurons

Question 53

__________________ in the cerebral Cortex projected to many targets such as - spinal cord - brain stem - order side of the cortex

Answer 53

efferent neurons in the cerebral cortex

Question 54

_______________________ cerebral cortex receives many afferent projections: from the other side of the cerebral cortex, from the thalamus, from the basal forebrain nuclei

Answer 54

afferent axon projections to the cerebral cortex

Question 55

Remember different lobes have ___________

Answer 55

different functions

Question 56

____________ prefrontal, primary and secondary motor cortex, broncha's speech area

Answer 56

frontal lobe

Question 57

_______________ primary and secondary somatosensory area, speech area aclaled wernicke's area

Answer 57

parietal lobe

Question 58

__________________ primary and secondary visual processing

Answer 58

occipital lobe

Question 59

_________________ primary and secondary auditory processing, rest of wernicke's area

Answer 59

temporal lob

Question 60

________________ pyramidal cells in motor cortex project axons to somatic motor neurons in spinal cord. Axons of the cortiocospinal neurons cross to the opposite sides of the nervous system i.e left side of the brain, control somatic motor neurons on the right side of the spinal cord

Answer 60

corticospinal tract

Question 61

___________ representation of body parts called somatotop, representation of parts of the body in corresponding parts of the brain

Answer 61

moto homunculus

Question 62

____________________ representation of parts of the body in corresponding parts of the brain

Answer 62

somatotopy

Question 63

_________________ pain, touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, and proprioception in skin and body wall

Answer 63

somatic senses

Question 64

______________ how our behavior can change this map

Answer 64

sensory homunculus

Question 65

___________ primary visual cortex around calcimine fissure, secondary visual cortex is an integrative area

Answer 65

visual cortex

Question 66

Primary visual cortex around ________________

Answer 66

calcimine fissure

Question 67

Secondary visual cortex is an ______________

Answer 67

integrative area

Question 68

we have a primary + secondary_______________ on either side of the brain

Answer 68

auditory cortex

Question 69

_____________ receptive speech area. Helps us understand our speech. Connected to primary and secondary cortexes. Leftside of the brain

Answer 69

wernicke's area

Question 70

______________________ expressive speech area, left side of brain, located near prefrontal cortex, helps us pre-plan our speech

Answer 70

Broca's area

Question 71

_____________ cortiospinal tract, cell bodies in lamina V, the arrows show the snaps pathway

Answer 71

Projection axons

Question 72

_________________ axons that cross in the corpus callosum, corticocorrtical projections cell bodies mainly in lamina II

Answer 72

commissural axons

Question 73

_________________ are directed toward ventral midline of CNS to opposite side of a lobe

Answer 73

commissural axons

Question 74

___________________ corticocortical projections, cell bodies mainly in lamina III, corpus callosum. The pathway is short from one area to another, but there are also some long association axons

Answer 74

association axons