Lecture 18 - Articular System Flashcards by Eleanor Nicklason

Where are fibrous joints found?

In the skull
Linking tibia and fibula
Holding teeth in place

Very tight, don’t allow much movement

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What are the three types of joints?

Fibrous
Cartilage
Sinovial

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Where are cartilage joints found?

What are the features?

In between the vertebrae, aka intervertebral disk

Cushion between hyaline cartilage

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What are the two types of cartilage joints?

Primary: epiphyseal plate
Secondary: intervertebral disks

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What is a suture?

The fibrous joint in skull bones

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What is the name of the joint between the distal tibia and fibula?

This is called a syndesmosis

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What is the name of the joint holding the teeth in place?

Gomphosis

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Where are cartilangenous joints usually found?

In the midline, axis

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Where are sinovial joints usually found?

In the joints of the appendages and girdles

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What are some examples of the types of synovial joints

Plane
Hinge
Ball and socket

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Flexion and extension is always in the … plane

Sagittal

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Abduction and Adduction is always in the … plane

Coronal

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Rotation is always in the … Plane

All planes

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Where does the fibrous capsule attach to the bone?

Near the epiphyseal plate

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Describe the important feature of the sinovial joint

Proximal and distal bone
Articular cartilage
Sinovial cavity
Sinovial fluid
Sinovial membrane
Periosteum
Fibrous capsule

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What is the role of the synovial membrane?

It lines all non-Articular surfaces

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What is the role of the fibrous capsule?

It encloses the joint

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Describe the blood and nerve supply of the joint

Fibrous capsule: richly innervated poor blood supply

Articular cartilage: avascular, aneural

Sinovial membrane: highly vascular

Menisci and disks: only outer third receive blood and nerve supply

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What is a ligament?

Connection between two bones

What is the structure of a ligament?

How does this relate to function?

Thick, fibrous

Resisting tensile forces (pulling)

What are the two different types of ligament?

How do they differ?

Intrinsic: reinforce the capsule

Extrinsic: separate from the capsule

What is the role of the sinovial membrane?

Secretes sinovial fluid

What is the function of sinovial fluid?

Lubrication
Nutrients for Articular cartilage chondrocytes
Shock absorber

What happens when the sinovial membrane is irritated

Swelling, effusion

The ball and socket joint is very shallow, how is this remedied?

Labrum. Made of fibrocartilage This effectively deepens the socket

What happens when the sinovial membrane tears

* Painful * Bleeding Haemarthrosis

Where are labra found?

In ball and socket joints, such as: Hip Shoulder

What are menisci and disks made out of? What is also made out of this?

Fibrocartilage Labra

What are the function of menisci and disks? | Where are they found?

They are found in the joint Menisci in particular in the knee They act as: • shock absorbers • partially subdivide a joint cavity • allow different movements to occur simultaneously on each side of the joint

What is the name of the sacks of fluid that protect joints?

Bursae

What is inside the bursae?

Sinovial fluid

What are the two different types of Bursae?

Communicating: rare | Non-communicating: more common

Bursae are susceptible to ...

Irritation and infection

What are the different grades of ligament injury?

Type I: minimal disruption Type II: 50 % rupture Type III: complete rupture

What is it called when, in children, the ligament causes a part of the bone to break off? Which part of the bone does this happen to?

Avulsion injury This happens at the epiphyseal plate

What are the two types of injury when the bones in the joint are disrupted?

Dislocation: bone comes completely out of the joint Subluxation: bone comes out a bit, incomplete, partial dislocation

Which joints are particularly prone to subluxation and dislocation?

Shoulder

What else is at risk when subluxation and dislocation occur?

The nerve and blood supply

What is the difference between osetoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis?

OsteoArthritis: general term for joint pain and inflammtion due to wear and degradation of the cartilage Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease, inflammation in the joints due to antibodies attacking the sinovial membrane cartilage degraded

When joints are replaced with a prosthesis, what is it called?

Arthroplasty

Fibrocartilage forms which structures?

Labrum Menisci Disks

What structures does hyaline cartilage form?

Bony Articular surfaces at joints

What sort of structures does elastic cartilage form?

External Ear, larynx etc

What are the three types of cartilage?

* Hyaline * Fibrocartilage * Elastic

All cartilage is avascular and aneural. | What is the exception?

The exception is fibrocartilage -- which has blood and nerve supply around the outer third where pressure is minimal Hyaline cartilage is completely avascular and aneural

What are the two different types of epiphyses?

Traction: attachments Pressure: joints

Describe the blood and nervous supply to the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint. What are the implications of this?

* Richly innervated * Poor blood supply Painful when injured, but slow to heal