Lecture 42 - Gastrointestinal Tract 1 Flashcards by Eleanor Nicklason

What are the compartments in the bulk of the body?

Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Perineum

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What separates the thorax from the abdomen?

Diaphragm

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What separates the abdomen from the pelvis?

No obvious structural demarcation

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Indicate the transumbilical plane

along belly button

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Indicate the quadrants of the stomach area

Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower

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List some tubular viscera

Eosophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Gall badder

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List some solid viscera

Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
Kidneys
Adrenal

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When learning about viscera, what four things do we need to know?

Location: quadrant
relationship to peritoneum
blood supply
identifying features

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What are the two abdominal walls?

Posterior

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Describe the structure of the anterior abdominal wall

Three flat layers of muscle:

external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominus

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Describe the structure of the posterior abdominal wall

Three muscles:

Quatratous lumborum
psoas major
iliacus

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What is the function of a mesentery?

1/ Mobility

2/ pathway for nerves and vessels

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What lines the abdominal cavity?

Peritoneum

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What are the two terms to describe an organs relation to the peritoneum?

Intraperitoneal: suspended in cavity
Retroperitoneal: outside the peritoneal cavity

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What are the features of intraperitoneal viscera?

Suspended in the cavity
Mobile
Have a mesentery
Surrounded by visceral peritoneum

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What are the features of retroperitoneal viscera?

Outside the peritoneal cavity
Stable
No mesentery
Partially covered by the parietal peritoneum

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Where does the oesophagus run?

From pharynx
Behind trachea
Through diaphragm
To right side of stomach

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What are the constrictions of the oesophagus?

Cervical
Thoracic
Diaphragmatic

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Describe the tissue structure of the oesophagus

Two complete layers of muscle:
inner circular
outer longitudinal

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What is the name of the region where the oesophagus becomes the stomach?

Z line

Oesophagogastric junction

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Describe the shape of the stomach and important features of the shape

J shaped
Greater curvature
Lesser curvature

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Which quadrant is the stomach in?

What is its relationship to the peritoneum?

Upper left quadrant

Intarperitoneal

What are the features of the stomach?

Two orifaces
Two curvatures
Two surfaces
Four regions

What are the four regions of the stomach?

Fundus (air filled)
Body
Pyloric antrum
Pyloric canal

Where is the cardia of the stomach?

Just below the oesophagus; the opening

What stops food flowing from the stomach straight into the duodenum?

The pyloric sphincter

Describe the inner surface of the stomach

Rugae: gastric folds | More pronounced rugae towards the distal end of the stomach

What is the function of the rugae?

To allow the organ to expand when required

What are the names of the two orifaces of the stomach?

Cardiac oriface Pyloric oriface

What are the four regions of the duodenum?

1. Superior 2. Descending 3. Inferior / horizontal 4. Ascending

Which organ does the duodenum durround?

The pancreas

What is the general shape of the duodenum?

C shaped

What is the relationship of the duodenum to the peritoneum?

Retroperitoneal

In which section of the intestine are the duodenal papillae?

In the 2nd / descending part of the duodenum

How do bile and enzymes enter the duodenum?

From gall bladder: - bile comes down common bile duct From pancreas: - enzymes come down main pancreatic duct Into duodenum via the major duodenal papilla

What is the function of the minor duodenal papilla?

Some pancreatic enzymes come through here

What are the parts of the small intestine

Jejunum: 40% Ileum: 60%

How are the jejunum and the duodenum distinguished?

Jejunum: - greater calibre, thicker wall - larger circular folds - better vascular supply - less fat in the mesentery

What is the thickness of the wall also called?

Calibre

What is the difference between the vasculature of the jejunum and the ileum?

Ileum: much more branched and disorganised

Describe the structure of the muscularis in the intestine

Two layers: inner circular outer longitudinal

Describe the different regions of the large intestine

``` Caecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal ```

What are the names of the corners of the large intestine?

Hepatic flexure | Splenic flexure

Where is the large intestine in relation to the small intestine

It is like a frame around the small intestine

List the important features of the large intestine

- wide diameter - Tenia coli - Haustra - omental appendices

Describe the structure of the muscularis of the lagre intestine

Inner circular | Tenia coli: three disparate bands of longitudinal muscle

What are Haustra?

This is the baggy external appearance of the large intestine

Where is the caecum located? | What is its relationship to the large intestine?

Right lower quadrant, Inferior to the ileocaecum junction Intraperitoneal

Where is the appendix located? | What is its relationship to the large intestine?

Lower right quadrant Intraperitoneal - base attached to the caecum

Is the appendix mobile?

Yes, it can be have many different positions: - pre-ileal - postileal - pelvic - subcaecal - retrocaecal

What is the relationship of the large intestine to the peritoneum?

Ascending: retro Transverse: intra Descending: retro Sigmoid: intra

Describe the muscle in the rectum

No tenia coli

How does the rectum differ from the large intestine?

No tenia coli No omental appendices No haustra

What makes up the pyloric region of the stomach?

Pyloric antrum | Pyloric canal