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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 25 - Lower Limb 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 25 - Lower Limb 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What does the patella do?

A

Increases leverage for leg extensor muscles

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1
Q

What are the bones of the lower limb?

A 
Pelvic girdle
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Bones of the foot
- tarsal
- metatarsal
- phalanges
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2
Q

What are the features of the pelvic girdle?

A
  • Complete ring
  • Connects the spine and the femur
  • Protects viscera
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3
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between the Tibia and Fibula, and the Ulna and Radius?

A

Similarities: linked by interosseus membrane

Differences: not lateral rotation of the tibia and fibula

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4
Q

What are the similarities and differences of the bones of the hand and the bones of the feet?

A

Similarities: same arrangement

Differences: bones of foot are much bigger, due to the greater weight that they must support

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5
Q

Which bone of the shin is weight bearing?

A

Tibia

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6
Q

The flexor compartments of the lower limb are oriented …

A

Posteriorally

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7
Q

The lower limb and upper limbs are rotated … degrees relative to each other

A

180 degrees

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8
Q

Describe the orientation of the femur

A

Angulated

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9
Q

Compare the features of the big toe and the thumb

A

Thumb: opposable

Big toe: non-opposable

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10
Q

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

Hip bone:

  • Ileum
  • Pubic
  • Ischeum

Sacrum

Coccyx

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11
Q

What is the name of the canal through the pelvis?

A

Pelvic inlet

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12
Q

Describe the sexual dimorphisms of the pelvis

A

Female:
- wider pelvic inlet

Male:
- longer sacrum and coccyx

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13
Q

Where do the gluteal muscles attach?

A

Ilium of hip bone

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14
Q

Where do the adductor muscles of the leg attach?

A

Pubis

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15
Q

Where do the hamstrings attach?

A

Ischeum

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16
Q

Describe the important features of three femur

A 
Head
Necks
Shaft
Tuberosities
Distal end
Trabeculae
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17
Q

Describe the trabeculae in the head of the femur

A

Highly organised beams of cancellous bone, so organised to resist static forces and pull of the muscle

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18
Q

What is the name of the region of the tibia that articulates at the knee joint?

A

Tibia plateau

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19
Q

What is important about the different aspects of the shaft of the tibia?

A

Anterior aspect: subcutaneous, can be felt just under the skin

Posterior: muscle attachments

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20
Q

Which features of the bones of the shin create a socket for the ankle joint?

A

The medial malleolus of the tibia

The lateral malleolus of the fibula

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21
Q

What happens on the shaft of the fibula?

A

Muscle attachments

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22
Q

What are the names of the two important tarsals?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

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23
Q

How many metatarsals are there?

A

5

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24
Which are the phalanges?
Two rows of bones on the tips of the toes
25
Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot? | What are their function?
They are on the underside of the first metatarsal They form a tunnel to prevent compression of the tendons that run along the bog toe
26
What are the unique features of the foot?
Non-opposable big toe Arched foot
27
Which planes does the hip joint allow?
All three
28
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket
29
Which ligament reinforces the hip joint capsule? Where is this ligament, and what does it do?
Ileofemoral ligament It is located in front of the joint It confers stability when there is flexion of the hip joint
30
What is the name of the artery that runs down near the head of the femur?
Femoral artery
31
Which position of the hip joint represents the greatest stability? Why?
The capsule + ligament unwinds during flexion --> unstable The capsule + ligament spirals during extension --> greatest stability
32
Describe how dislocation of the hip may occur
Cross legs Force applied to the knee --> force transmitted up to the hip joint Dislocated posteriorly
33
What structures are in danger in hip dislocation?
Sciatic nerve
34
Where does fracture of the femur normally occur?
Between the neck and the top of the shaft
35
In which age group are hip fractures common?
Elderly (due to falls)
36
What are the external features of fracture of the femur?
Leg is shorter and externally rotated
37
In terms of blood supply, what may happen after a fracture of the femoral neck?
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head due to tearing of the vessels that run along the femoral neck
38
What are the two joints at the knee?
Tibiofemoral Patellofemoral
39
Which type of joints are the joints of the knee?
Synovial
40
Describe the range of movement of the knee joints
Extended: little rotation Flexed: quite large range of movement possible Thus, not a pure hinge joint
41
Which structures stabilise the knee joint?
Menisci: medial and lateral Cruciate ligaments: anterior and posterior Collateral ligaments: medial and lateral
42
Are the bones of the knee joint congruent? | Why / why not?
Incongruent The chondyle of the femur is round, and the head of the tibia is flat
43
When is the knee joint most susceptible to injury? Why?
Rotation of the joint when flexed Extended knee joint is the most stable because the ligaments are taut
45
Are the cruciate ligaments intrinsic of extrinsic?
Extrinsic: don't reinforce capsule But they are intracapsular
45
What is the function of the ACL and PCL?
ACL: prevent forward movement of the tibia relative to the femur PCL: prevent backwards movement of the tibia relative to the femur
46
Describe the position of the anterior and posterior collateral ligaments
Anterior : goes to lateral epichondyle of femur Posterior : goes to medial epichondyle of femur
47
What is the name for the end of the meniscus?
The horn
48
Is the meniscus the same thickness the whole way through? | Why / why not?
No, it is thicker on the outer surfaces and thinner towards the middle. This creates a socket for the femur
49
What is the Ruckman's injury?
Tearing of the PCL The tibia is pushed back
50
What can also occur when there is PCL injury?
Haemarthrosis - tearing of the synovial membrane, which has a rich blood supply - blood doesn't come from the ligament
51
How is a torn ACL repaired?
Before: Piece of tendon of the patella taken Now: Piece of tendon from hamstring
52
What are the collateral ligaments of the knee?
Medial and lateral
53
Compare the function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Medial: prevent movement of the femur laterally Lateral: prevent movement of the femur medially
54
What is the unhappy triad?
Three things injured - ACL - Medial meniscus - Medial collateral ligament
55
Are the cruciate ligaments fused with their corresponding menisci?
Medial collateral ligament: fused with medial meniscus Lateral collateral ligament: separated from lateral meniscus by Popliteus
56
What is the Popliteus?
A muscle tendon, separating the lateral collateral ligament from the lateral meniscus
57
Compare Vargus and Valgus
Valgus: knock kneed Vargus: bow legged
58
What are the functions of the menisci in the knee joint?
- shock absorb - increase congruence by 1/3rd - spread synovial fluid
59
When the meniscus of the knee is torn around the periphery, what happens?
Locking of the knee in the flexed position
60
Describe the Bursae in the knee joint
There are many Bursae in the knee Most non-communicating One communicating
61
Why is the communicating bursa of the knee important?
Continuous with the synovial cavity of the knee When there is injury of the knee joint, there will be effusion and haemarthrosis into this bursa as well. Useful indication of the extent of damage for a physician
62
What is the patellofemoral joint?
Connecting the patella with the femur
63
Where is the patellofemoral joint?
It is within the knee joint cavity
64
Which three things stabilise the patellofemoral joint?
1. Vastus medialis of quadriceps 2. Patellar retinaculum 3. Extended epicondyle lip of femur --> increase depth of groove
65
Where does the patella sit and move around?
Sits in the groove Runs up and down the groove in extension and flexion
66
What is the Q angle?
This is the way that the patella is being pulled, due to: - quadriceps pulling patella laterally - being pulled down by patellar tendon
67
In which instances is the patella more prone to subluxation / dislocation?
- Weakened Vastus medialis | - increased Q angle
68
Describe ankle inversion and eversion
Inversion: joint moves laterally Eversion: joint moves medially
69
What is normally happening in ankle sprain?
Dorsi flexion and inversion of the ankle Tear of the lateral collateral ligament
70
Which are the two ligaments at the ankle joint?
Medial and lateral
71
Which collateral ligament of the ankle is more frequently damaged? Why?
Lateral CL It is much weaker than the medial CL, because it exists in three discrete bands
72
What are the protruding parts of the bones of the leg that form a socket at the ankle joint?
Lateral malleolus (fibula) Medial malleolus (tibia)
73
Which malleolus is longer? What function does this confer?
The lateral malleolus is longer and thus gives more support

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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