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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 41 - Principles of Viscera > Flashcards

Lecture 41 - Principles of Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general overarching function of viscera?

A

To regulate the internal environment

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2
Q

Which four processes are the viscera involved with?

A

Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
Digestion

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3
Q

What are the two types of viscera?

A

Solid

Tubular (hollow)

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4
Q

Give some examples of hollow organs

A 
Trachea
Bronchi
Oesophagus
Stomach
Intestines
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5
Q

Give some examples of solid organs

A

Liver
Lungs
Kidney
Pancreas

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6
Q

What are some of the visceral systems?

A

Digestive
Respiratory
Urogenital
Circulatory

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7
Q

What is the structure of a hollow viscus?

A

Lumen
Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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8
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A

Minimise friction of organ against surrounding surfaces

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9
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle?

A

1/ Motility: Can contract in waves: peristalsis

2/ Expansion

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10
Q

What is special about the mucosa?

A

Folded in to increase surface area for absorption

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11
Q

What are constrictions?

A

This is where the lumen of a hollow organ is narrower

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12
Q

Where are constrictions usually found?

A

Beginning
End
Other sites along the way

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13
Q

What are dilations?

Give an example

A

This is a widening in the diameter of the lumen

eg. The bladder

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14
Q

Where are extra constrictions found in the urogenital system?

A

Where urethra penetrates the pelvic floor

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15
Q

What is an oriface?

Give an example

A

An opening

Eg. where the ureter goes into the bladder

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16
Q

Where is a calculus likely to be lodged?

A

At an oriface - ie, where there is a constriction

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17
Q

What can IVP staining tell us?

A

This makes the urine visible on X Ray
Shows us where urine is not being able to flow
–> shows site of calculus blockage

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of a hollow organ

A

Two layers:

  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
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19
Q

How can large volumes of liquids be stored in the bladder?

A

The smooth muscle in the bladder allows expansion of the organs without change in force of contraction

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20
Q

When is micturition brought about?

A
  1. Critical stretch of bladder
  2. Reflex initiated
  3. Micturition
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21
Q

What reduces friction of solid viscera?

A

External capsule

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22
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

Cluster of cells that secrete products into a duct

23
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Cluster of cells that secrete products into the blood

24
Q

What are the subdivisions of a solid viscus?

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

25
How are solid viscera organised?
Lobes - structural (lungs) - functional (prostate)
26
Is medulla outer or inner
Inner
27
What causes grooves and impressions?
Viscera pressing against solid viscera
28
Describe an example of grooves and impressions
Aorta: groove on the lung Heart: impression on the lung
29
Which type of viscera have sphincters?
Tubular
30
What are the two different types of sphincters? | What is the difference?
Anatomical: - surrounded by a thickened ring of muscle Functional: - no localised muscle thickening
31
What is the function of sphincters?
To ensure unidirectional flow of contents of tubular viscus
32
Where are sphincters commonly found?
Distal ends of ducts | Near external oriface
33
What controls flow in functional sphincters?
Tube sits obliquely in the muscle
34
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary sphincters
Involuntary: - autonomic innervation - smooth muscle Voluntary: - somatic innervation - skeletal muscle
35
Describe the innervation in the anal sphincters
Two lines of defence: | voluntary and involuntary sphincters
36
Where are serous membranes found?
Covering viscus | Lines body cavity
37
What are the subdivisions of serous membranes?
- Parietal: lining cavity | - Visceral: covers organ
38
Compare source of blood supply and innervation of parietal and visceral serous membrane
Visceral: from the organ Parietal: from the muscle of the body wall
39
What is another name for the parietal serous membrane?
Somatic
40
What is the name of the serous membrane in the abdomen?
Peritoneum
41
What is the name of the cavity in the abdomen?
Peritoneal cavity
42
Describe the arrangement of organs in the abdominal compartment
Suspended by mesentery
43
What is the role of the mesentery?
1/ Pathway for vessel and nerves | 2/ Mobility of the organ
44
Viscera suspended by mesentery are susceptible to...?
Torsion - -> cut off blood supply to organ - -> necrosis of organ
45
What is referred pain?
This is when pain from an organ is experienced on the skin of the corresponding dermatome
46
To where is pain usually referred?
The skin
47
Describe referred pain in the heart
Heart supplied by T1-5 Pain referred to: Chest: T2-5 Arm: T1
48
Which organs have a sensory mapping on the brain? | Which don't?
Mapping: Somatic innervation eg. Hands, skin, etc. No mapping: viscera, autonomic innervation
49
Where do paired viscera develop and grow? | What about unpaired viscera?
Paired: On one side of the body Unpaired: in the midline
50
Describe referred pain of paired viscera
Since each of the pair has its own innervation and blood supply on each side, only the skin on one side will experience the pain
51
Describe referred pain of unpaired viscera
Referred pain to local overlying skin of the midline
52
Which unpaired organs commonly refer pain to the midline?
Viscera of GIT - appendix - pancreas
53
Compare innervation of paired and unpaired organs
Paired: - each receives innervation from one side of the spinal cord Unpaired: - the organs receives innervation from both sides of the spinal cord

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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