Lecture 2

Question 1

What are the accessory structures?

Answer 1

Hair, Sweat glands, Nails, Receptors

Question 2

Where is hair found?

Answer 2

All over the body except on thick skin (palms, soles of feet and lips)

Question 3

What is hair?

Answer 3

Dead, keratinised cells

Question 4

Where does hair originate from?

Answer 4

Inside the hair follicle

Question 5

What is the muscle responsible for goosebumps?

Answer 5

Arrector pili muscle

Question 6

What does the arrector pili muscle do?

Answer 6

Contracts to form goosebumps which creates an airlock and improves insulation

Question 7

What is the root hair plexus?

Answer 7

The collection of sensory nerves at the base of each hair follicle which heightens sensation

Question 8

What is a sebaceous gland?

Answer 8

A gland within the hair follicle that produces sebum

Question 9

What does sebum do?

Answer 9

Nourishes hair shaft and naturally moisturises the skin. Is an oil and therefore has water repealing properties

Question 10

What is acne?

Answer 10

A blocked hair follicle with an infection from over production of sebum

Question 11

What is lanolin?

Answer 11

Sheep sebum

Question 12

What are the two types of sweat gland?

Answer 12

Eccrine and Apocrine

Question 13

What is an eccrine sweat gland?

Answer 13

Found all over the body and produces a watery secretion. They are important for thermoregulation and excretion as well as limited antibacterial properties

Question 14

What is an apocrine sweat gland?

Answer 14

Found in specific areas (armpit, groin, nipples) and produce an oily and sometimes odours secretion into the base of the hair follicle. These can be influenced by hormones

Question 15

What are the accessory structure receptors in the skin?

Answer 15

Tactile, lamellar, bulbous

Question 16

What is the purpose of nails?

Answer 16

To protect the fingers and toes, enhance sensation and limit the deformation of sensory receptors to stop damage occurring to the areas while activating a receptor

Question 17

What is aging?

Answer 17

The thinning of the epidermis and dermis resulting in reduced collagen, slower skin repair, less sebum and sweat as well as less pigmentation

Question 18

How does smoking cause premature aging?

Answer 18

The tobacco contains agents that damage the collagen and elastin in the skin. This is linked to poor wound healing, acne, skin and oral cancers

Question 19

How does vaping cause premature aging?

Answer 19

The nicotine reduces blood circulation in the dermis

Question 20

What is contact dermatitis caused by?

Answer 20

The metal coating on vapes which causes inflammation of the skin around the mouth

Question 21

What are melanocytes?

Answer 21

The cell in which melanin is produced. They are fixed within the stratum basale

Question 22

What are melanosomes?

Answer 22

The vesicles that carries the melanin to the epidermal cells

Question 23

What is melanin?

Answer 23

A pigment that absorbs UV light and protects the cells from UV damage

Question 24

What is a freckle?

Answer 24

The over-production of melanosomes by melanocytes triggered by sun exposure

Question 25

What is a mole?

Answer 25

A cluster of melanocytes of which the over-proliferation can be cause by sun exposure

Question 26

Why is vitamin D essential?

Answer 26

For normal calcium metabolism and strong bones

Question 27

What can vitamin D deficiencies cause?

Answer 27

Rickets

Question 28

What are rickets?

Answer 28

The deformation of growing bones in children from the softening and weakening of bones due to lack of calcium from a prolonged vitamin D deficiency

Question 29

How is vitamin D synthesised?

Answer 29

UV exposure on the skin

Question 30

What are the two types of skin cancer?

Answer 30

Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma

Question 31

What is basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 31

A common but relatively benign form of skin cancer that originates in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Metastasis throughout the body is rare.

Question 32

What is malignant melanoma?

Answer 32

A rare and deadly form of skin cancer that originates in melanocytes. It is highly metastatic, depending on the depth of the mole

Question 33

What is a tattoo?

Answer 33

An artificial pigmentation deposited within the dermal layer of the skin that is captured but not broken down by immune cells and scar tissue

Question 34

What is a 'lena'?

Answer 34

The tattoo pigmentation being present within the lymph nodes which appears the same as melanoma

Question 35

What are the different types of tattoo?

Answer 35

Trauma, decorative, cosmetic and cultural