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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 29 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nephron?

A

A microscopic functional unit of the kidney

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2
Q

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

~1 million

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3
Q

What is the nephron responsible for?

A

Urine formation

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4
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

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5
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

Shallow nephrons that lie mainly in the cortex

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6
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Nephrons that extend deep into the medulla

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7
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons import for?

A

The formation of concentrated urine

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8
Q

What is the function of the nephron?

A

To selectively filter blood, return specific filtrate to blood and carry waste away for storage and expulsion

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9
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A

A glomerular capsule, renal tubules and a collecting duct

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10
Q

What is each renal tubule comprised of?

A

PCT, nephron loop, DCT

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11
Q

What is each nephron associated with?

A

A glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries

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12
Q

What are the glomerular capillaries?

A

They form the glomerulus and are specialised for filtration

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13
Q

What is the structure of the glomerular capillaries?

A

Thin-walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

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14
Q

What feeds into and drains the glomerular capillaries?

A

Arterioles

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15
Q

What is tightly regulated around the glomerular capillaries?

A

Blood pressure

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16
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries?

A

Capillaries that wrap around the renal tubules that are specialised for absorption

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17
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries receive?

A

Filtered blood from the glomerulus via efferent arterioles and reabsorbed filtrate from nephrons

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18
Q

Can non-filtered solutes pass through the peritubular capillaries?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Why would non-filtered solutes enter the nephron from the peritubular capillaries?

A

To be excreted

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20
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

Extensions from the peritubular capillaries that follow nephron loops deep into the medulla

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21
Q

Where are the vasa recta found?

A

Only in juxtamedullary nephrons

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22
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

The glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule, where capillary and nephron meet

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23
Q

What happens at the renal corpuscle?

24
Q

What is the glomerular capsule?

Study These Flashcards
A

The first part of the nephron

25
What are the two layers of the glomerular capsule?
Outer parietal and inner visceral
26
What is the outer parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made of?
Simple squamose cells
27
What is the inner visceral layer of the glomerular capsule made of?
Podocytes
28
What is between the two glomerular layers?
The capsular space that receives filtrate
29
What are podocytes?
Specialised epithelium that wraps around the glomerular capillaries
30
What do podocytes form?
Pedicels from the branches foot processes intertwining
31
What is between the pedicels?
Filtration slits
32
What is the filtration barrier?
A selective barrier that lies between the blood and capsular space
33
What is the function of the filtration barrier?
To allow the passage of water and small molecules, restrict the passage of most proteins and completely inhibit RBCs from filtering into the nephron
34
What are the three layers of the filtration barrier?
1. Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary 2. Fused basement membrane 3. Filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes
35
What happens after filtration?
Not everything that is filtered is excreted, some filtrate is reabsorbed and some of what wasn't filtered is secreted into the nephron
36
What is urine? | + equation
Combination of waste fluid and solutes filtered from the blood Urine = Filtered - Reabsorbed + Secreted
37
What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Bulk reabsorption
38
What is the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Cubodial epithelial with a dense microvilli brush boarder, highly folded basolateral membrane, many mitochondria and leaky epithelium
39
Is length of the nephron loop important?
Yes - in production of dilute or concentrated urine
40
What is the nephron loop?
The section of the nephron that extends into the medulla of the kidney
40
What is the nephron loop surrounded by?
Vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons
41
What are the four sections of the nephron loop?
Thick descending limb, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb
42
What is the structure of the thick descending limb?
Cuboidal epithelial cells, similar to PCT
43
What is the structure of the thin descending limb?
Simple squamose epithelium
44
What is the structure of the thin ascending limb?
Simple squamose epithelium
45
What is the structure of the thick ascending limb?
Cuboidal epithelium, similar to DCT
46
What happens in the distal convoluted tubule?
Fine-tuning absorption
47
What is the structure of the distal convoluted tubule?
Cuboidal epithelium (thinner than PCT) with few microvilli so no brush boarder and fewer mitochondria
48
What is reabsorption in the DCT influenced by?
Hormones
49
What is the collecting duct?
The final part of the nephron that empties urine into the papilla, where many DCTs drain into one collecting duct
50
What happens in the collecting duct?
Fine-tuning reabsorption
51
What is the structure of the collecting duct?
A wall of cuboidal epithelial cells
52
What are the two types of epithelial cells in the collecting ducts?
Principal cells and intercalated cells
53
What are principle cells involved in?
Reabsorption
54
What are the intercalated cells involved in?
Acid/base balance
55
What is reabsorption in the collecting ducts influenced by?
Hormones

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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