Lecture 38

Question 1

What is coitus / copulation?

Answer 1

Sexual intercourse

Question 2

What are the stages of the male sexual act?

Answer 2

Erection of penis, mucus secreted into urethra, ejaculation and resolution

Question 3

What is erection of the penis controlled by?

Answer 3

The parasympathetic nervous system

Question 4

Why is mucus secreted into the urethra?

Answer 4

For protection and lubrication

Question 5

What is ejaculation controlled by?

Answer 5

The sympathetic nervous system

Question 6

What are the two phases of ejaculation?

Answer 6

Emission and expulsion

Question 7

What is the erectile tissue of the penis surrounded by?

Answer 7

Different layers of fascia

Question 8

What do the structures of the clitoris and penis share?

Answer 8

Developmental origins and erectile tissue

Question 9

What is the blood supply to the penis?

Answer 9

Abdominal artery -> common iliac artery -> internal iliac artery -> internal pudendal artery

Question 10

What is the gonadal artery?

Answer 10

In females the ovarian artery and in males the testicular artery

Question 11

Where does the gonadal artery develope?

Answer 11

With the gonads which develops around the kidneys, they then descend bringing the vasculature with them

Question 12

What does the internal pudendal artery feed?

Answer 12

The peritoneum and external genitalia, including penis

Question 13

What are the different vasculature branches to the penis?

Answer 13

Artery to bulb, urethral artery, dorsal artery and deep cavernosal artery

Question 14

What allows an erection to be sustained?

Answer 14

Pressure against the veins and facia

Question 15

What is the main innervation of nerve supply to the penis?

Answer 15

Sensory and motor nerves

Question 16

What are sensory fibres responsive to?

Answer 16

Touch, pressure and temperature

Question 17

What is the pudendal nerve?

Answer 17

The nerve supplying sensory and somatic motor innervation to the perineum and external genitalia

Question 18

What is autonomic innervation to the penis derived from?

Answer 18

The pelvic plexus

Question 19

What is the parasympathetic nervous system related to in the male sexual act?

Answer 19

Erection

Question 20

How does an erection occur?

Answer 20

Production of nitric oxide by deep arteries of the penis which fill lacunae in corpora cavernosa

Question 21

What is the sympathetic nervous system related to in the male sexual act?

Answer 21

Ejaculation

Question 22

How does ejaculation occur?

Answer 22

SNS simulates contraction of smooth muscle, reproductive glands and accessory glands

Question 23

What does the somatic motor complex stimulate?

Answer 23

Ejaculation through the contraction of skeletal muscles around the bulb of the penis

Question 24

How does an erection occur?

Answer 24

Parasympathetic response to stimuli cause arteries in erectile tissue to dilate, erect tissue becomes engorged with blood and intromission can occur

Question 25

How does emission occur?

Answer 25

Sympathetic response to smooth muscle of ductus deferens contracts to move sperm into ampulla which contracts, along with seminal vesicles and prostate gland to move sperm and seminal fluid into urethra

Question 26

What happens when sperm and seminal fluid move to urethra

Answer 26

It becomes activated

Question 27

How does expulsion occur?

Answer 27

Semen in urethra activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes causing contractions of urethral smooth muscles and pelvic floor contraction to eject semen

Question 28

What is resolution?

Answer 28

When blood flow to the penis is reduced and it becomes flaccid

Question 29

What are the stages of the female sexual response?

Answer 29

Engorgement of clitoris, labia and vagina in response to autonomic stimulation. Lubricating fluid is secreted through vaginal wall into vestibules. Vagina increases in width and length. Uterus elevates upwards and rhythmic contraction of vaginal, uterine and perineal muscles

Question 30

Where is semen released into the vagina?

Answer 30

The upper part

Question 31

Where does semen travel once it has entered the vagina?

Answer 31

To the uterine tube for fertilisation

Question 32

What does sperm fuse with?

Answer 32

Secondary oocytes

Question 33

What happens to the secondary oocyte once the sperm has fused?

Answer 33

It completes meiosis II and becomes a zygote

Question 34

What happens to the zygote?

Answer 34

It initiates cleavage and travels towards the uterus for implantation

Question 35

How long does it take between fertilisation and implantation?

Answer 35

About 7 days

Question 36

What is contraception?

Answer 36

Any method used to prevent pregnancies

Question 37

What are the methods of contraception?

Answer 37

Natural and artificial

Question 38

What is natural contraception?

Answer 38

Relys on timing of coitus or behaviour during coitus - has a high failure rate

Question 39

What are the three types of natural method?

Answer 39

Rhythm method (ovulation timing), withdrawal method and lactational infertility

Question 40

What are the types of artificial contraception methods?

Answer 40

Barrier methods, intrauterine devices, hormonal contraceptives and sterilisation

Question 41

What are barrier methods?

Answer 41

Caps, diaphragms and condoms

Question 42

What is a cap or diaphragm?

Answer 42

An imperfect barrier which should be used in conjunction with spermicidal foams, jellies, creams or sponges. Needs to remain in place at least 6 hours after

Question 43

What are the pros of condoms?

Answer 43

Cheap, readily available, easy to use and protect against STI

Question 44

What is the non-hormonal intrauterine device?

Answer 44

Copper IUD - causes low grade inflammation and reduces sperm transport. Is toxic to oocytes and zygotes and impairs implantation

Question 45

What is hormonal contraception?

Answer 45

Steroidal contraceptives, delivers progestin with or without an estrogen which suppresses ovulation and affects mucus produces by cervix

Question 46

What is the combined oral pill?

Answer 46

Steroidal contraception with estrogen and progestin which suppresses ovulation and affects mucus

Question 47

What are forms of progestin only contraception?

Answer 47

The progestin only pill which affects only cervical mucus, the subdermal implant which acts primary by disrupting follicular growth and ovulation and the hormonal IUD

Question 48

What is the hormonal IUD?

Answer 48

Progestin only which affects mucus and also locally affects endometrium. May prevent ovulation

Question 49

What is sterilisation?

Answer 49

In females - tubal ligation or salpingectomy (cut/cauterise or remove uterine tubes) In males - vasectomy (cut ductus deferens)