Lecture 28

Question 1

How much of the male human body is water?

Answer 1

60%

Question 2

How much of the female human body is water?

Answer 2

55%

Question 3

Why do biological males store more water than biological females?

Answer 3

Males carry more muscle mass which as a higher water content in comparison to the higher adipose mass that females carry

Question 4

How does the urinary system maintain a balance?

Answer 4

By filtering the blood and expelling anything we don’t need

Question 5

What might be expelled in urine?

Answer 5

Excess water and salt, waste of metabolism and toxins or drugs

Question 6

How much blood flows through the kidneys per minute?

Answer 6

1200mL

Question 7

How much urine does the typical person produce per day?

Answer 7

800-2000mL

Question 8

What is urine?

Answer 8

A waste product excreted to maintain balance within the body

Question 9

What does normal urine contain?

Answer 9

Water, salts, urea, metabolites, hormones and small proteins

Question 10

What is the normal pH range for urine?

Answer 10

~4.6-8

Question 11

What can abnormal urine contain?

Answer 11

Large proteins or RBC, as they are too big to be filtered or glucose that is filtered by completely reabsorbed

Question 12

To be effective, what does the urinary system need?

Answer 12

Blood delivery, selective filtration and filtrate removal systems, filtrate recovery mechanism, system to return recovered filtered fluid to the body, protection, communication and adaptability

Question 13

What are the main components of the urinary system?

Answer 13

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and a urethra

Question 14

What is a ureter?

Answer 14

Straw-like tube connecting kidneys to the urinary bladder

Question 15

What is the urethra?

Answer 15

The tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body

Question 16

What does the structure of the kidneys allow?

Answer 16

Blood to be brought near the nephron for filtering; filtered blood to leave the kidney; a path for urine to be removed from the kidney, stored and excreted; protection

Question 17

Where do the kidneys sit?

Answer 17

Deep to the T12 and L3 vertebrae, between the 11th and 12th rib

Question 18

Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left?

Answer 18

To accommodate for the liver

Question 19

What surface of the kidney faces laterally?

Answer 19

Convex

Question 20

What is on the medial surface of the kidney?

Answer 20

A concave notch called the hilum

Question 21

What is a hilum?

Answer 21

The part of an organ where systems enter and exit

Question 22

What is within the kidneys hilum?

Answer 22

Renal blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and the ureter

Question 23

The kidneys are…?

Answer 23

Retroperitoneal, anterior surface covered with peritoneum, posterior surface on abdominal wall

Question 24

What are the three structures that provide external protection for the kidneys?

Answer 24

11th and 12th rib, renal fat pad, fibrous capsule

Question 25

What are the three regions of the kidney?

Answer 25

Cortex, medullar and pelvis

Question 26

What is the cortex of the kidney?

Answer 26

Outer: a continuous layer containing renal columns

Question 27

What is the medullar of the kidney?

Answer 27

Inner: divided into pyramids, each ending in a papilla

Question 28

What do the cortex and medulla combined form?

Answer 28

A kidney lobe, functional unit

Question 29

How many kidney lobes are the per kidney?

Answer 29

5-11

Question 30

What does a kidney lobe contain?

Answer 30

One medullary pyramid, all the surrounding cortex, with thousands of nephrons

Question 31

What is the urine drainage path from the kidneys?

Answer 31

From each papilla, collecting in the minor calyx, to the major calyx which join to form the renal pelvis that exits the hilum to become the ureter

Question 32

How is urine produced?

Answer 32

By filtering waste from the blood into the nephron

Question 33

Where does filtration occur?

Answer 33

In the cortex of the kidney

Question 34

Where does the renal artery arise from?

Answer 34

The abdominal aorta

Question 35

Where does filtered blood go?

Answer 35

To the veins from the cortex, to the renal vein then the inferior vena cava

Question 36

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 36

A bundle of capillaries specialised for filtration

Question 37

What supplies the glomerulus?

Answer 37

The afferent arteriole

Question 38

Where does blood leave the glomerulus?

Answer 38

Via the efferent arteriole

Question 39

What does the efferent arteriole supply?

Answer 39

The peritubular capillaries

Question 40

What do the peritubular capillaries do?

Answer 40

Carry the filtered blood to the veins

Question 41

What is the flow of blood into the cortex?

Answer 41

Abdominal aorta → renal artery → series of arteries → afferent arteriole → glomerular capillary

Question 42

What is the flow of blood away from the cortex?

Answer 42

Glomerular capillary → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries → series of veins → renal vein→ inferior vena cava

Question 43

What is the nerve supply of the urinary system?

Answer 43

Innervation from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called the renal plexus

Question 44

What type of nerves adjust the diameter of renal arterioles?

Answer 44

Sympathetic nerves

Question 45

Why does the diameter of renal arterioles need to be controled?

Answer 45

To regulate blood flow

Question 46

What is the nephron?

Answer 46

A microscopic functional unit making up the bulk of the kidney

Question 47

What does the nephron do?

Answer 47

Filters blood to selectively reabsorb or secrete it and produce urine

Question 48

What is the renal corpuscle?

Answer 48

Where the vessels enter the glomerulus

Question 49

What is the name for filtered blood?

Answer 49

Filtrate

Question 50

What is the function of the PCT?

Answer 50

Reabsorbing glomerular filtrate

Question 51

What is the function of the nephron loop?

Answer 51

Water and salt reabsorption

Question 52

What is the collecting duct?

Answer 52

A duct shared by many DCTs that regulates reabsorption of filtrate if the body needs it. Under hormonal control