Lecture 23

Question 1

What does the large intestine absorb?

Answer 1

Water

Question 2

What is the function of the large intestine?

Answer 2

To store faeces until defecation

Question 3

What are the three constituents of the large intestine?

Answer 3

The cecum, colon, and rectum

Question 4

What are the four components of the colon?

Answer 4

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Question 5

What separates the ascending colon and the transverse colon?

Answer 5

The right colic (hepatic) flexure

Question 6

What separates the transverse colon and the descending colon?

Answer 6

The left colic (splenic) flexure

Question 7

What is the location of the ascending and descending colons?

Answer 7

Lateral and retroperitoneal

Question 8

What is the location of the sigmoid and transverse colon?

Answer 8

Intraperitoneal

Question 9

What is the cecum?

Answer 9

A blind-ended pouch where the SI and LI connect which houses the appendix and ileocecal valve

Question 10

What is the function of the ileocecal valve?

Answer 10

To regulate the passage of material into the large intestine

Question 11

What is the function of the vermiform appendix?

Answer 11

Used as a reserve of large intestinal bacteria

Question 12

Where is the vermiform appendix?

Answer 12

Attached to the cecum

Question 13

What is appendicitis?

Answer 13

When the appendix becomes inflamed

Question 14

What does the large intestine wall need modification for?

Answer 14

To store faeces, expel faeces during defecation, to be lubricated and allow the absorption of water

Question 15

What are the teniae coli?

Answer 15

Bands of longitudinal muscle around the LI wall

Question 16

What is the function of the teniae coli?

Answer 16

To contract for motility

Question 17

What is the haustra?

Answer 17

A series of pouches along the LI wall

Question 18

What is the function of the haustra?

Answer 18

To store faeces longer

Question 19

What are omental appendices?

Answer 19

Sacs of fat along the LI wall

Question 20

What are the layers of the large intestines muscularis?

Answer 20

Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

Question 21

What is different about the outer longitudinal layer in comparison to the SI?

Answer 21

Contains teniae coli, the three thicker bands of muscle for stronger contractions

Question 22

What is the composition of the large intestinal musoca?

Answer 22

It lacks villi but has intestinal glands from invaginated mucosa.

Question 23

What are the cells of the LI mucosa?

Answer 23

Absorptive cells for water and salt and goblet cells for protection and lubrication

Question 24

What is the rectum?

Answer 24

The last part of the large intestine that stores faeces

Question 25

What is the anal canal?

Answer 25

The connection between the rectum and anus

Question 26

What structural change occurs within the anal canal?

Answer 26

Epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified squamose

Question 27

Why does the epithelium change to stratified squamose?

Answer 27

For extra protection from abrasions

Question 28

How many anal sphincters do we have?

Answer 28

Two; internal and external

Question 29

What is the internal anal sphincter?

Answer 29

Sphincter composed of smooth muscle for involuntary control

Question 30

What is the external anal sphincter?

Answer 30

Sphincter composed of skeletal muscle for voluntary control

Question 31

What is the defecation reflex?

Answer 31

When faeces move into rectum, stretch receptors are stimulated. Internal anal sphincter relaxes from a localised reflex and also a longer reflex that goes to spinal cord to make us aware we need to go to the toilet.

Question 32

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 32

To metabolise products, detoxify blood and produce bile

Question 33

What is the location of the liver?

Answer 33

A wedge shaped organ in the superior right quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity, attached to the stomach by the lesser omentum

Question 34

What is the gallbladder?

Answer 34

A hollow organ below the liver, connected via the cystic duct to the bile duct

Question 35

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 35

To store and concentrate bile

Question 36

What can cause problems in the gallbladder?

Answer 36

Gallstones which is calcified bile that can obstruct tubes

Question 37

How much cardiac output does the liver receive?

Answer 37

~25%

Question 38

What is the blood supply of the liver?

Answer 38

1/3 from the hepatic artery and 2/3 from the hepatic portal vein

Question 39

What does the hepatic artery supply the to liver?

Answer 39

Oxygenated blood

Question 40

What does the hepatic portal vein supply to the liver?

Answer 40

Nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the small intestine to be processed by hepatocytes

Question 41

Where do the hepatic portal vein, heaptic artery and bile duct travel within?

Answer 41

The lesser omentum

Question 42

What is the structure of the liver?

Answer 42

Lobes are separated into lobule functional units

Question 43

What do lobules contain?

Answer 43

Rows of hepatocytes that produce bile and detoxify the blood, liver sinusoidal capillaries between rows and bile canaliculi canals between cells

Question 44

What is the hepatic portal triad?

Answer 44

A branch of hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile duct

Question 45

In what direction does blood flow in the liver?

Answer 45

From the branch of the hepatic portal vein at the peripheries of the lobule towards the central vein in the centre of the lobule

Question 46

What processes the blood that travels through the lobules?

Answer 46

The hepatocytes that also produce bile

Question 47

Where is bile secreted in the lobules?

Answer 47

It is secreted by the hepatocytes into the canalicular and travels to the bile duct which is situated at the peripheries of the lobules

Question 48

Where does the central vein drain to?

Answer 48

The hepatic vein which later drains to the inferior vena cava

Question 49

Where does the bile from the hepatocytes travel after it has entered the bile ducts?

Answer 49

To the gallbladder

Question 50

What connects the bile duct and the pancreatic duct?

Answer 50

The hepatopancreatic ampulla