lecture 37 terms

Question 1

largest, direct air flow, air conditioning

Answer 1

Inferior turbinates

Question 2

smaller and project downwards toward the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses

Answer 2

Middle turbinates

Question 3

protect the olfactory bulb

Answer 3

Superior turbinates

Question 4

first line of defense by beating in unison upwards in respiratory system

Answer 4

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 5

scattered throughout, use mucus to trap airborne particles >2-3 um

Answer 5

Goblet cells

Question 6

delivers immune cells to the nose, and is an avenue to the lymphatics

Answer 6

Vascular plexus

Question 7

largest sinus, under eyes, in maxillary bone

Answer 7

Maxillary

Question 8

superior to the eyes, in frontal bone

Answer 8

Frontal

Question 9

air cells in ethmoid bone btwn nose & eyes

Answer 9

Ethmoid

Question 10

sphenoid bone, cntr of skull base under pit

Answer 10

Sphenoid

Question 11

pops when on planes

Answer 11

Auditory Tube

Question 12

normally closed, but can pop open to let small amount of air through, to prevent damage to middle ear. Yawn, swallow, chew gum, or perform

Answer 12

Pressure equalization

Question 13

moderately forceful exhalation against a closed airway, done by closing mouth, pinching nose shut while pressing out as if blowing up a balloon. Can test for cardiac function/ANS control of heart, or to “clear” ears, sinuses (equalize pressure between them) when ambient pressure changes in diving, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, or air travel

Answer 13

Valsalva

Question 14

cause swelling of tube mucosa, trapping bacteria/fluid/mucus, causing infections

Answer 14

Upper airway infections and allergies

Question 15

more common in children because their tubes are shorter, smaller diameter, and more horizontal in orientation.

Answer 15

Earaches and otitis media

Question 16

pollen/allergens cause production of IgE, mast cell binding, histamine release and clinical signs of hay fever.

Answer 16

seasonal allergies(URT)

Question 17

cause mucus hypersecretion, chronic airflow obstruction, connective tissue damage, squamous metaplasia of epithelium which diminishes mucociliary escalator, impaired BALT immune function

Answer 17

smoking, pollution(URT)

Question 18

most common immune deficiency disorder (1 in 700 people of European origin), inherited or drug-induced. May be asymptomatic or result in otitis media, conjunctivitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, etc

Answer 18

IgA deficiency(URT)

Question 19

alters hormonal, behavioral, and neural responses which collectively increase susceptibility to upper respiratory infections

Answer 19

stress(URT)

Question 20

Rhinosinusitis

Answer 20

Common Cold

Question 21

acute viral nasopharyngitis

Answer 21

Common Cold (Rhinosinusitis)

Question 22

Irritated/inflamed nasal mucosal lining

Answer 22

Rhinitis

Question 23

increased mucus production, release of histamine, enzymes that cause connective tissue damage, leukotrienes, prostaglandin D2 due to IgE mediated mast cell response to extrinsic protein.

phase response found in rhinitis

Answer 23

early phase response

Question 24

eosinophils, lymphs and macrophages respond later

phase response found in rhinitis

Answer 24

Late phase response

Question 25

Tree and flower pollen during March-April | Also mold spores from fallen leaves in October-November

Answer 25

Seasonal allergic rhinitis

Question 26

Can occur year-round from sensitivity to pet hair, mold on wallpaper, houseplants, carpeting, and upholstery.

Answer 26

Perennial allergic rhinitis

Question 27

Not IgE mediated and not due to an allergic reaction; typically the result of cigarette smoke or other irritants/pollutants, and can be exacerbated by deviated septum, infections, over-use of OTC decongestants, etc

Answer 27

Nonallergic rhinitis

Question 28

Besides the discomfort of allergic rhinitis, trapped fluid can result in sinus infections; blocked auditory tubes may cause middle ear infections; lower airway involvement may results in asthma

Answer 28

Rhinitis

Question 29

Chronic rhinitis may cause sufficient irritation to cause polyp formation

Answer 29

Nasal Polyps

Question 30

Inflammation of paranasal sinuses

Answer 30

Sinusitis

Question 31

pain/pressure in maxillary (cheek) area and mimic toothache

Answer 31

Maxillary sinusitis

Question 32

pain/pressure behind/above eyes, headache

Answer 32

Frontal sinusitis

Question 33

pain/pressure between/behind eyes, headache

Answer 33

Ethmoid sinusitis

Question 34

pain/pressure behind eyes, often refers back to vertex of head.

Answer 34

Sphenoid sinusitis

Question 35

Benign, vascular, more common in males.

Answer 35

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Question 36

Squamous or respiratory epithelium From HPV 6 and 11 infection Benign but aggressive

Answer 36

Sinonasal papillomas

Question 37

Malignant plasma cell tumor

Answer 37

Plasmacytoma

Question 38

Malignant epithelial cell tumor

Answer 38

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Question 39

infection/inflammation of trachea

Answer 39

Tracheitis

Question 40

painful inflammation of pharynx

Answer 40

Pharyngitis (sore throat)

Question 41

inflammation of tonsils

Answer 41

Tonsillitis

Question 42

inflammation of the larynx

Answer 42

Laryngitis

Question 43

aka laryngeal carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma)

Answer 43

Cancer of the larynx (smokers)

Question 44

sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing while sleeping. Pickwickian syndrome: obstructive sleep apnea due to obesity.

Answer 44

Sleep Apnea/Pickwickian Syndrome