Lecture 4 and 5: Reproductive Pathology Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What species have a diffuse placenta
A
Horse, pigs
2
Q
What is a diffuse placenta
A
Microcotyledons (branched villi) fit into endometrial crypts
3
Q
What species have a cotyledonary placenta
A
Ewes and cows
4
Q
What is a cotyledonary placenta
A
Cotyledons (tufts of branched villi) attached to caruncles on the endometrium
5
Q
What species have a zonary placenta
A
Dog and cat
6
Q
What is a zonal placenta
A
Villi form a band around the equator of the chorionic sac
7
Q
What species have a discoid placenta
A
Monkey, humans, rodents
8
Q
What is a discoid placenta
A
Villi form large discs
9
Q
What type of placenta is this and what species
A
diffuse placenta- mares and sows
10
Q
What type of placenta is this and what species
A
Cotyledonary- cows and ewes
11
Q
What type of placenta is this and what species
A
zonal placenta- dogs and cats
12
Q
What are amniotic plaques
A
Foci of squamous epithelium on the internal surface of the amnion role
13
Q
T or F: amniotic plaques have no functional role
A
True
14
Q
What does this image show/ what is on placenta
A
amniotic plaques
15
Q
What is the purpose of endometrial cups in equine placenta
A
Produce equine chorionic gonadotropin hormone leading to development of corpus luteum which maintains pregnancy
16
Q
When do the endometrial cups develop
A
40 days (early)
17
Q
Horse placenta- what is shown in this image
A
endometrial cups
18
Q
What is a hippomane
A
Concretion of waste products, aggregation of sediments of allantoic fluid
19
Q
Horse placenta- what is yellow mass
A
hippomane
20
Q
What is a mineralized yolk sac remnant
A
Circular cystic structure found in allantoic portion of umbilical cord
21
Q
What is shown here
A
Mineralized yolk sac remnant
22
Q
What is the cervical star in equine placenta
A
Where placenta abuts the cervix- where baby comes out
23
Q
The cervical star has no attachment to ___
A
Chorioallantois
24
Q
equine placenta- What is this
A
Cervical star
25
What is hydrops
Dysregulation of fluid leading to excess accumulation of fluid in the amniotic or allantoic sacs and fetal death
26
What species is hdyrops most common in
Cows
27
Hydrallantois is more associated with ___disease
Uterine disease
28
Massive fluid accumulation in allantois can lead to ___ or ___
Abortion or dystocia
29
Hydramnios is commonly associated with ___
Fetal abnormalities
30
What is adventitial placetation in cows
Compensation for inadequate development of placetomes
31
What are some complications of adventitial placentation
1. Hydrallantois
2. Placental insufficiency—> fetal death
32
Cow placenta- what wrong
Adventitial placentation
33
What species typically gets subinvolution of placental sites
Dogs
34
What is subinvolution of placental sites
Persistence of normal placental sites, trophoblastic cells retained and continue to invade endometrium and myometrium
35
What are clinical signs of subinvolution of placental sites
Excessive blood discharge for weeks to months after delivery—> anemia, hypovolemia shock and exsanguination
36
Dog planceta, dog bled for weeks after giving birth. What is wrong
subinvolution of placental sites
37
How long til placenta passes in bovines
12hrs
38
How long til placenta passes in horses
3hrs
39
What are the 2 routes of infection for placentitis
1. Ascending through cervix
2. Hematogenous to place tome
40
What signs are seen with chronic placentitis
1. Placental edema
2. Intercotyledonary opacity
3. Intercotyledonary fibrosis
4. Cupping of cotyledon
41
What is abortion
Dead fetus delivered prior to time of expected viability
42
What is still birth
Dead fetus delivered during period of expected viability
43
Resorption is a result of early ___
Embryonic death
44
What are some causes of resorption
Chromosomal or other genetic abnormalities
45
What is mummification
Auto lysis without putrefaction- fluid gets reabsorbed and fetus desiccates (drys out)
46
What are the prerequisites for mummification
Closed cervix, no bacteria, skin has not keratinized yet
47
What species is mummification most common in
Sows
48
What lesion is associated with mummification
Persistent corpus luteum
49
Mummification can lead to retained with viable fetuses that can lead to prolonged___
Gestation period
50
T or F: females that had fetus mummified breed normally afterwards
True
51
What is macerated fetus
Fetal death in presence of uterine infection- typically bacteria that causes liquefaction/ putrefaction of fetal tissue
52
What happened and what is cause
macerated fetus, bacteria caused liquefection/ putrefaction of fetal tissue
53
What are the 3 best samples for an abortion workup
1. Entire fetus (on ice not frozen)
2. Entire placenta
3. Serum from several affected and unaffected animals
54
If you can only send one thing for an abortion workup, what is most important
Placenta
55
What does BVD cause
Abortions, congenital anomalies, persistently infected calf
56
How is BVD introduced to herd
Persistently infected carriers
57
How is BVD controlled
Vaccines
58
If a cow becomes infected with BVD at ~0-120 days gestation what happens
Embryonic death, abortion, stillbirth, mummification, persistently infected calves
59
If cow becomes infected with BVD at ~120-180 days gestation what happens
Congenital anomalies including hydrocephalus, micropthalmia, cataracts, arthrogryposis, cerebellar hypoplasia
60
What is best dx for BVD
PCR
61
BHV-1 is often associated with __especially in herds not adequately vaccinated
Abortion storms
62
Fetuses who mom have BHV-1 are often __mid to late term
Autolyzed
63
What is the definitive host for neospora caninum
Dogs
64
What does neospora caninum cause
Abortions at 3-9 months/ mid gestation
65
T or F: there are no gross lesions with neospora caninum
True
66
What are some lesions that can sometimes be seen on fetus with neospora caninum
Necrosis of brain, brain stem, skeletal muscle, heart
67
What does histo look like for neospora caninum
Tachyzoites in foci of brain necrosis, myocytes
68
Where does leptospirosis localized in adults
Kidneys
69
What does leptospirosis cause in pregnant cows
Abort last trimester
70
How does placenta appear when infected with leptospirosis
Edematous
71
T or F: leptospirosis is zoonotic
True
72
What lesions does urea plasma diversum cause
Vulvitis, embryonic death, abortion last trimester, birth of dead or weak calves
73
What part of the placenta is most severely affected by urea plasma diversum
Amnion
74
What does urea plasma diversum do to fetus
Firm lungs, non-suppurative alveolitis, erosive conjunctivitis, arthritis
75
How does the amnion appear that is infected with urea plasma diversum
Opaque, red, and white areas of granulation tissue and fibrosis
76
What is the dx test for urea plasma diversum
PCR
77
Placenta/ amnion- what could have caused this.
ureaplasma diversum
78
What is route of infection for Brucella abortus
Ingestion of aborted fetus or placenta or contaminated uterine discharges
79
Where does Brucella abortus replicate
Trophoblastic cells
80
Brucella abortus causes both __ and ___placentitis
Intercotyledonary and cotyledonary
81
How do the cotyledons appear infected with B. Abortus
Necrotic, yellow, gray, covered with brown exudate
82
How does Intercotyledonary placenta appear infected with B. Abortus
Thickened and opaque, tough with exudates
83
What does the fetus get when mom is infected with B. Abortus
Bronchopneumonia
84
When does B. Abortus causes abortion
7th or 8th month gestation- late term
85
T or F: B. Abortus is not zoonotic
False
86
Cow placenta- cow aborted calf in 8th month and histo shows a gram - bacteria- what is likely cause
B. Abortus
87
C. Fetus subspecies venerealis causes ___in cows
Infertility
88
C. Fetus subspecies venerealis and C. Fetus subspecies fetus causes __in sheep
Abortion
89
What fungi typically caused mycotic abortions
Aspergillus and zygomycetes
90
What is pathogenesis of mycotic abortions in cows
Hematogenous—> placenta
91
What is pathogenesis for mycotic abortions in horses
Ascending—> placenta
92
Mycotic abortions occur when
Mid to late term
93
How does fetus appear when there is a mycotic abortion
Hyperkeratotic dermatitis, uniquely the eyebrows
94
How does the placenta appear when there is a fungal infection causing mycotic abortions
Necrotizing placentitis, cotyledons are large, brown, friable
Intercotyledonary chorioallantosis is leathery and covered in brown exudate
95
What is likely cause of this abortion based on lesions seen
Mycotic abortion
96
When does Coxiella Burnetti cause abortion
Late in gestation
97
What does histology of placenta infected with coxiella burnetti show
Many organisms in trophoblasts
98
Coxiella burnetti is zoonotic and co-infection with ___is common
Toxoplasma
99
What is the name of the disease caused by Coxiella burnetti
Q fever
100
What is name of disease caused by Chalmydia abortus
Ovine enzootic abortion
101
When does chlamydia abortus typically cause abortion
Final trimester
102
If you have a late in utero infection with chlamydia abortus it will cause abortion with the __pregnancy
Next
103
T or F: infection with chlamydia abortus is chronic, but abortion will never occur after 1st one
True
104
T or F: chlamydia abortus is zoonotic
True
105
What does C. Fetus subspecies fetus cause
Late term abortion or live but sick lambs
106
T or F: ewes are immune after first infection with C. Fetus fetus
True
107
What part of the placenta is more affected by C. Fetus fetus
Placentomes (cotyledonary)>>>intercotyledonary
108
What happens to fetus infected with C. Fetus fetus
Hepatic necrosis
109
Based on the part of the placenta affected and the late term abortion in an ewe what is likely cause
C. Fetus (most placentomes affected)
110
Ewe aborted fetus and necropsy of fetus shows there targetoid hepatic necrosis lesions- what is likely cause
C, fetus fetus
111
What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii
Cat
112
Disease associated with toxoplasma gondii is dependent on ___
Stage of pregnancy
113
Infection with toxoplasma gondii before 50 days gestation results in what
Embryonic death and resorption
114
Infection with toxoplasma gondii at 50-90 days gestation results in what
Fetal death, mummification, stillbirth, neonatal death
115
Infection with toxoplasma gondii in last month of gestation results in what
Unapparent toxoplasmosis or no infection
116
What does placenta look like that is infected with toxoplasma gondii
Cotyledonary necrosis with mineralization. Multimodal white spots on cotyledons
117
T or F: T. Gondii is not zoonotic
False
118
Cat placenta, aborted fetus. Based on the look of the cotyledons what is likely cause
T. Gondii
119
What are some viral causes of equine abortion
1. EHV-1
2. Equine viral arteritis
120
How do eastern tent caterpillars cause abortion in horses
Migration of setae (hairs) leading to inflammation everywhere, act as FB—> abortion
121
EHV-1 causes 95% of abortions to occur when
Last 3 months of gestation
122
What sign is seen with fetus infected with EHV-1
Severe pulmonary edema
123
What sign is seen in mares infected with equine viral arteritis
Multifocal necrotizing metritis
124
What are some causes of porcine abortion
1. SMEDI
2. Brucella suis
125
Brucella suis has affinity for ___ and ___
Skeleton and joints
126
What are the 4 viruses that cause SMEDI in pigs
1. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
2. Porcine parvovirus
3. Pseudorabies virus (herpes-1)
4. Porcine circovirus 2
127
Pig aborted all these piglets- based on varying size what virus likely caused this
Porcine parvovirus
128
What 2 pathogens cause abortion in dogs
1. Canine brucellosis
2. Canine herpesvirus
129
How is canine herpesvirus transmitted
Material lesion via birth canal
130
Canine herpes virus has a high mortality of puppies <__old
3 weeks
131
What are some gross findings on puppies infected with canine herpesvirus
Multifocal hemorrhages on kidney- turkey egg kidney
132
__% of cases of equine twinning, both twins die
80%
133
What causes equine twinning abortions
Placental insufficiency, deprivation of oxygen and nutrients
134
What caused this abortion
umbilical cord torsion
135
What causes pregnancy toxemia
High energy needs during late pregnancy/ early lactation—> negative energy balance—> hepatic lipidosis
136
What tissue is this from. What taken from pregnant sheep or goat, wht is wrong
liver- hepatic lipidosis due to pregnancy toxemia
137
What caused this
Ingestion of Veratrum californicum on 14 day gestation in sheep—> cyclopia
138
What is ergot
Abnormal contractions in uterine smooth muscle
139
What this
Schistosomus reflexus
140
Expecting twins, then you pull out on normal twin, then this- what is this
Amorphous globosus
141
Uterine/ vaginal tear is a sequela to ___
Torsion
142
Uterine / vaginal tears can cause severe ___
Dystocia
143
What this
Uterine/ vaginal tear
