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Pathology I > Respiratory Pathology Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is included in the anatomic division of upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx

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2
Q

What is included in the lower respiratory tract anatomic division

A

Trachea and lungs

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3
Q

What is included in the conducting functional division of respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

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4
Q

What is included in the transitional function division of respiratory tract

A

Bronchioles

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5
Q

What is included in the exchange functional division of respiratory tract

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

Identify 1-2

A
  1. Bone- nasal turbinates
  2. Cartilage- nasal septum
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7
Q

What epithelium lines the conducting portion

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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8
Q

What physical barriers act as defense systems in conducting portion of respiratory system

A
  1. Nasal turbinates
  2. Bifurcation of trachea and bronchioles
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9
Q

How do the bony nasal turbinates act as defense system

A

Narrow, convoluted structures that cause turbulent airflow and increase surface area for foreign body debris to get trapped

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10
Q

How does the bifurcation of the trachea act as defense

A

Cause turbulence in air so traps debris

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11
Q

How does the normal bacteria flora defend the respiratory system

A

Outcompete the pathogens

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms of clearance

A

Coughing, sneezing, phagocytosis, mucociliary apparatus

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13
Q

How does the mucociliary apparatus/transport work

A

Particles get entrapped in mucous and movement up the mucociliary apparatus—> swallowed and coughed out

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14
Q

Cells in nose, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles secrete ___ and mucus entrap/neutralize pathogens to make them less apt to cause disease

A

Antimicrobial products- lysozyme, antibodies

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15
Q

What is the function of BALT

A

Antigen presenting cells in region phagocytose and transport particles to BALT- lymphoid structures

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16
Q

what is circled in red

A

BALT

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17
Q

___ infections are primary infections that predispose to secondary ___infections

A

Viral, bacterial

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18
Q

What is the most common route of entry into the respiratory tract

A

Aerogenous (inspired air)

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19
Q

What are the 3 possible routes of entry into the respiratory tract

A
  1. Aerogenous
  2. Hematogenous
  3. Direct extension
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20
Q

What is palatoschisis

A

Cleft palate

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21
Q

Palatoschisis is common in what species

A

Dogs and cattle

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22
Q

What is the gross appearance of palatoschisis

A

Communication between oral and nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is common sequela of palatoschisis

A

Aspiration

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24
Q

What is choanal atresia

A

Lack of nasal turbinates and a bone or membrane obstructing the airflow into the nasopharynx so no breathing through nose

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25
What species is choanal atresia common in
Alpacas/llamas
26
How is a choana
Opening between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx
27
What is a common sequela of choanal atresia
Aspiration
28
What is ciliary dyskinesia
Malformed, poor functioning cilia so not moving properly, mucociliary apparatus not working so problem with clearance
29
What species is ciliary dyskinesia common in
Dogs
30
what is wrong
Palatoschisis- cleft palate
31
What is wrong
Choanal atresia
32
What are the 4 features of brachycephalic airway syndrome
1. Hypoplastic trachea 2. Elongated soft palate- occluded larynx 3. Everted laryngeal saccules 4. Stenotic nares
33
What are some sequela from brachycephalic airway syndrome
Exercise intolerance, cyanosis, collapse
34
what is wrong here
Elongated soft palate, over epiglottis, occluding larynx
35
what wrong here
Everted laryngeal saccules
36
what is wrong here
Hypoplastic trachea (tongue much bigger than tiny trachea) Widening of cartilaginous rings
37
Inflammation of nasal mucosa ___
Rhinitis
38
Inflammation of guttural pouch
Eustachitis
39
Bleeding from the nose
Epistaxis
40
Coughing up blood
Hemoptysis
41
Accumulation of pus within the guttural pouch
Empyema
42
How does serous discharge appear and what is it due to
Thin, clear, watery Mild irritation- hyperactive submucosal glands Typically d/t allergic reactions and viruses
43
What is the appearance of catarrhal (mucoid) discharge and what are some causes
Thick but clear, chronic irritation, moderate injury—> goblet cell hyperplasia and submucosal glandular hypersecretion Viruses or allergic reactions
44
What is the appearance of Fibrinous discharge and what are some causes
Tan, stringy fibrillary material on mucosa Severe tissue injury causing fibrinogen to leak from nasal blood vessels D/t: toxicity, infectious agents, fungal, bacterial
45
What is the appearance of purulent/suppurative discharge and what are some causes
Thick, yellow, opaque Infections with pyogenic organisms/bacteria, accumulation of neutrophils Suppurative bacteria
46
What is the appearance of granulomatous discharge and causes
Nodular, more space occupying Chronic inflammation with pathogens that are resistant to phagocytosis—> accumulation of macrophages/ lymphocytes/ plasma cells and fibrous connective tissue Typically fungal
47
What kind of discharge, what is primary and secondary causes
Mucopurulent discharge Cause: viral infection (ex: canine distemper) and secondary bacterial infection
48
Canine respiratory disease complex often starts with ___infections
Primary viral infections
49
What is the most common viral infection causing canine respiratory disease complex
Canine distemper virus
50
Viral rhinitis often become secondarily infected with ___
Bacteria
51
What are the two common secondary bacterial infections from canine distemper
Bordetella bronchiseptica and pasturella multocida
52
What is the fungal cause in dogs with canine respiratory disease complex
Aspergillus spp
53
What are the multifactorial causes of canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
Crowding/mixing of dogs, poor ventilation and environmental/ nutritional stressors
54
Canine infectious treacheobronchitis (kennel cough) predisposes to infection with ___
Bordetella bronchiseptica
55
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis results in what
Suppurative to mucopurlent rhinitis—> tracheitis with cough that is exacerbated with exercise—> can progress to bronchopneumonia
56
What does the cough sound like with canine infectious tracheobronchitis
Goose honk cough
57
What breeds is aspergillus common in
German shepherds or other dolicheocephalic breeds
58
What aspergillus spp is most common
Aspergillus fumigatus
59
What does this show
aspergillus
60
What are the top viral causes of feline respiratory disease complex/ feline rhinitis and conjunctivitis
1. Feline calicivirus 2. Feline infectious rhinotrachetitis (feline herpesvirus)
61
What are the secondary bacterial causes of feline respiratory disease complex
1. Mycoplasma felis 2. Chlamydophilia felis
62
What is the fungal cause in feline respiratory disease complex
Cryptococcus spp
63
what virus in feline respiratory disease complex is this seen in
Feline calicivirus- oral ulceration
64
T or F: oral ulcers are pathognomonic with feline calicivirus
False
65
what virus in feline respiratory disease complex is this typical of
Feline herpesvirus 1 Dendritic ulcerations in eye
66
T or F: dendritic ulcerations are pathognomonic for feline herpesvirus
True
67
What does this show and what stain is used in right photo
cryptococcus neoformans/C gatti Stain: Mucicarmine stain
68
These two signs are typical of what cause in feline respiratory disease complex
Cryptococcus neoformans/ C gatti
69
What virus likely caused this
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus 1)
70
What are the gross lesions associated with IBR
Hyperemia and necrosis
71
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is associated with ___environments
Crowded
72
IBR is synergistic with ___
Mannheim is haemolytica
73
What is cause of Atrophic rhinitis
Co infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic strains of pasteurella multocida
74
What are the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis
Sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, epistaxis, nasal deviation
75
What is the pathogensis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs
Co infection—> inhibits osteoblasts and increased osteoclast activity—> osteopenia, atrophy, and loss of nasal conchae—> septal deviation and facial deformity
76
What is wrong here
atrophic rhinitis
77
What parasite invades nasal cavity in sheep
Oestrus Ovid
78
What parasite infects the nasal cavity and trachea of cats
Cuterebra spp
79
What is wrong here
parasitic rhinitis via Cuterebra spp
80
What are some common sequela of rhinitis
Sinusitis, otitis, pharyngitis, lymphadentitis, meningitis, guttural pouch infections
81
Sinusitis is a sequela to __
Upper respiratory infections
82
What are some common causes of sinusitis
1. Dehorning complication 2. Periodontitis/ tooth root abscess
83
Why do you dehorn young cows vs old to prevent sinusitis
Young cows the horn bud does not communicate with sinuses but adult cows the horn directly communicates with sinuses so can result in sinusitis

Pathology I (23 decks)

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